Homage to the Blessed One, the Worthy One, the Perfectly Enlightened One

The Collection of Minor Texts

The Great Exposition

1.

The Chapter of the Eights

1.

Exposition of the Discourse on Sensual Pleasure

1.

"When one desiring sensual pleasure": sensual pleasures in brief are twofold - objects of sensual pleasure and defilements of sensual pleasure. What are the objects of sensual pleasure? Agreeable forms, agreeable sounds, agreeable odours, agreeable tastes, agreeable tactile objects; spreads, coverlets, male and female slaves, goats and sheep, fowl and pigs, elephants, cattle, horses and mares, fields, property, gold, money, villages, towns, royal cities, the country and provinces, the treasury and storehouses, whatever is an enticing object - these are objects of sensual pleasure.

Moreover, there are past sensual pleasures, future sensual pleasures, present sensual pleasures; internal sensual pleasures, external sensual pleasures, both internal and external sensual pleasures; low sensual pleasures, middling sensual pleasures, sublime sensual pleasures; sensual pleasures of the planes of misery, human sensual pleasures, divine sensual pleasures, present sensual pleasures; created sensual pleasures, uncreated sensual pleasures, sensual pleasures created by others; possessed sensual pleasures, unpossessed sensual pleasures, cherished sensual pleasures, uncherished sensual pleasures; all mind-objects of the sense-sphere, all mind-objects of the form-sphere, all mind-objects of the formless-sphere, which are objects of craving, bases for craving, in the sense of being desirable, in the sense of being lustful, in the sense of being intoxicating, are sensual pleasures - these are called objective sensual pleasures.

What are defiling sensual pleasures? Desire is sensual pleasure, lust is sensual pleasure, desire and lust is sensual pleasure; Intention is sensual pleasure, lust is sensual pleasure, lustful intention is sensual pleasure; That which in sensual pleasures is sensual desire, lust for sensual pleasures, delight in sensual pleasures, craving for sensual pleasures, affection for sensual pleasures, passion for sensual pleasures, infatuation with sensual pleasures, clinging to sensual pleasures, flood of sensual pleasures, bondage of sensual pleasures, clinging to sensual pleasures, hindrance of sensual desire.

These are called defiling sensual pleasures. 'Of one desiring' means of one desiring, wishing, accepting, longing for, yearning for, praying for - of one desiring sensual pleasure.

If that succeeds for him. 'For him' means for that noble, or brahmin, or merchant, or worker, or householder, or one gone forth, or deity, or human being. 'That' means what are called objects of sensual pleasure - agreeable forms, agreeable sounds, agreeable odours, agreeable tastes, agreeable tactile objects. 'Succeeds' means it succeeds, prospers, is gained, is obtained, is acquired, is found - if that succeeds for him.

Surely he becomes rapturous. "Surely" is a word expressing certainty, a word expressing freedom from doubt, a word expressing freedom from perplexity, a word expressing non-duality, a word expressing non-vacillation, a word expressing necessity, a word expressing inevitability, a word expressing affirmation - "surely." "Rapture" is that rapture, joy, rejoicing, gladness, mirth, delight, elation, satisfaction, exultation, pleasure of mind, pervasion of mind, which is connected with the five cords of sensual pleasure. "Mind" is that which is mind, mentality, heart, the white, mind, mind base, mind faculty, consciousness, consciousness aggregate, the corresponding mind-consciousness element - this is called mind. This mind is associated with this rapture, born together, conjoined, connected, of one arising, of one cessation, with one basis, with one object. "Becomes rapturous" means he becomes rapturous, satisfied, joyful, delighted, pleased, elated, altruistically joyful, gladdened - surely he becomes rapturous.

A mortal getting what he wishes. Having gained means having obtained, having acquired, having attained, having found. A mortal means a being, a man, a person, a human, an individual, a soul, a person, a being, a person, a human. What he wishes means what he desires, what he approves of, what he longs for, what he yearns for, what he aspires to, whether form, or sound, or odour, or taste, or tactile object, a mortal getting what he wishes.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

2.

But if for that being who desires. 'For him' means for that noble, or brahmin, or merchant, or worker, or householder, or one gone forth, or deity, or human being. 'Of one desiring' means of one desiring sensual pleasures, wishing, accepting, longing for, yearning for, praying for. Or else, one is moved, led, carried, conveyed by craving for sensual pleasures. Just as one is moved, led, carried, conveyed by an elephant vehicle, or horse vehicle, or ox vehicle, or goat vehicle, or ram vehicle, or camel vehicle, or donkey vehicle; even so one is moved, led, carried, conveyed by craving for sensual pleasures - but if for that one desiring sensual pleasures.

Of a being in whom desire has arisen. Desire means: that which in sensual pleasures is sensual desire, lust for sensual pleasures, delight in sensual pleasures, craving for sensual pleasures, affection for sensual pleasures, passion for sensual pleasures, infatuation with sensual pleasures, clinging to sensual pleasures, flood of sensual pleasures, bondage of sensual pleasures, clinging to sensual pleasures, hindrance of sensual desire, that sensual desire has arisen in him, been produced, generated, created, manifested. For a being means: for a being, for a person, for a human, for an individual, for one with a soul, for a mortal, for one born, for one with a self, for a man. for a being with desire arisen.

Those sensual pleasures deteriorate: Either those sensual pleasures deteriorate, or he deteriorates from sensual pleasures. How do those sensual pleasures deteriorate? While he is still living, kings take those possessions, or thieves take them, or fire burns them, or water carries them away, or unloved heirs take them, or he cannot find what was hidden, or mismanaged activities fail, or a family destroyer arises in the family who squanders, scatters and destroys those possessions, and impermanence is the eighth. Thus those sensual pleasures diminish, deteriorate, decay, fall away, disappear and break up. How does he deteriorate from sensual pleasures? While those possessions still exist, he passes away, dies and breaks up. Thus he diminishes, deteriorates, decays, falls away, disappears and breaks up from sensual pleasures.

Having given and enjoyed according to one's means, blameless one reaches the heavenly state, those sensual pleasures deteriorate.

He suffers as if pierced by a dart. Just as one pierced by a dart made of iron, or a dart made of bone, or a dart made of tooth, or a dart made of horn, or a dart made of wood, suffers, becomes upset, is disturbed, is afflicted, becomes ill and dejected, even so from the change and alteration of sensual objects arise sorrow, lamentation, suffering, displeasure and despair. Pierced by both the dart of sensual pleasure and the dart of sorrow, he suffers, becomes upset, is disturbed, is afflicted, becomes ill and dejected - he suffers as if pierced by a dart.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

3.

"One who avoids sensual pleasures" means: "One": whoever he may be, of whatever sort, of whatever position, of whatever status, of whatever kind, having reached whatever station, endowed with whatever qualities - whether noble, brahmin, merchant, or worker, whether householder or one gone forth, whether deity or human being. "Avoids sensual pleasures" means: "Sensual pleasures" in brief are twofold - objects of sensual pleasure and defilements of sensual pleasure... etc... these are called objective sensual pleasures... etc... these are called defiling sensual pleasures. "Avoids sensual pleasures" means one avoids sensual pleasures in two ways - by suppression or by elimination. How does one avoid sensual pleasures by suppression? Seeing that "sensual pleasures are like a skeleton in the sense of little gratification," one avoids sensual pleasures by suppression; seeing that "sensual pleasures are like a piece of meat in the sense of being shared by many," one avoids sensual pleasures by suppression; seeing that "sensual pleasures are like a grass torch in the sense of burning," one avoids sensual pleasures by suppression; seeing that "sensual pleasures are like a pit of coals in the sense of great burning," one avoids sensual pleasures by suppression; seeing that "sensual pleasures are like a dream in the sense of being temporary manifestations," one avoids sensual pleasures by suppression; seeing that "sensual pleasures are like borrowed goods in the sense of being temporary," one avoids sensual pleasures by suppression; seeing that "sensual pleasures are like tree fruits in the sense of being broken and crushed," one avoids sensual pleasures by suppression; seeing that "sensual pleasures are like a slaughterhouse in the sense of cutting up," one avoids sensual pleasures by suppression; seeing that "sensual pleasures are like a sword stake in the sense of piercing," one avoids sensual pleasures by suppression; seeing that "sensual pleasures are like a snake's head in the sense of being dangerous," one avoids sensual pleasures by suppression; seeing that "sensual pleasures are like a mass of fire in the sense of great torment," one avoids sensual pleasures by suppression.

Developing recollection of the Buddha, one avoids sensual pleasures by suppression; developing recollection of the Teaching... etc... developing recollection of the Community... developing recollection of virtue... developing recollection of generosity... developing recollection of deities... developing mindfulness of breathing... developing mindfulness of death... developing mindfulness of the body... developing recollection of peace, one avoids sensual pleasures by suppression.

Developing the first meditative absorption, one avoids sensual pleasures by suppression, developing the second meditative absorption...etc... developing the third meditative absorption... developing the fourth meditative absorption... developing the attainment of the base of the infinity of space... developing the attainment of the base of the infinity of consciousness... developing the attainment of the base of nothingness... developing the attainment of the base of neither-perception-nor-non-perception, one avoids sensual pleasures by suppression. Thus one avoids sensual pleasures by suppression.

How does one avoid sensual pleasures by complete abandonment? One who develops the path of stream-entry avoids by complete abandonment sensual pleasures that lead to planes of misery, one who develops the path of once-returning avoids by complete abandonment gross sensual pleasures, one who develops the path of non-returning avoids by complete abandonment latent sensual pleasures, one who develops the path of arahantship avoids by complete abandonment all sensual pleasures completely and totally in every way without exception or remainder. Thus one avoids sensual pleasures by complete abandonment - one who avoids sensual pleasures.

As with foot the serpent's head. A snake is called ahi. In what sense is it a snake? It is a snake because it moves by gliding; it is a bhujaga because it moves by coiling; it is an uraga because it moves on its chest; it is a pannaga because it moves with its hood lowered; it is a sarīsapa because it sleeps with its head; it is a bilāsaya because it lies in holes; it is a guhāsaya because it lies in caves; it is a dāṭhāvudha because its fangs are its weapon; it is a ghoravisa because its venom is terrible; it is a dvijivha because its tongue is forked; it is a dvirasaññū because it tastes with two tongues. Just as a person wanting to live, not wanting to die, wanting happiness and averse to suffering would avoid, keep away from, stay away from, shun a snake's head with his foot; even so, one wanting happiness and averse to suffering should avoid, keep away from, stay away from, shun sensual pleasures - as with foot the serpent's head.

That one, mindful, transcends this clinging in the world. That is one who avoids sensual pleasures. Craving is called entanglement. That which is lust, infatuation, inclination, compliance, delight, passionate delight, the mind's infatuation, wish, confusion, clamp, greed, intense greed, attachment, mud, stirring, deceit, producer, reproducer, sewer, net, stream, entanglement, thread, diffusion, accumulator, partner, wish, conduit to existence, wood, jungle, connection, affection, longing, bondage, hope, hoping, state of hoping, hope for forms, hope for sounds, hope for odours, hope for tastes, hope for tactile objects, hope for gain, hope for people, hope for children, hope for life, muttering, mumbling, murmuring, state of muttering, state of greed, greediness, state of greediness, fawning, desire for approval, unrighteous lust, unrighteous greed, yearning, desire, longing, envying, intense longing, craving for sensual pleasure, craving for existence, craving for non-existence, craving for form, craving for the formless, craving for cessation, craving for forms, craving for sounds, craving for odours, craving for tastes, craving for tactile objects, craving for mind-objects, flood, bondage, knot, clinging, obstruction, hindrance, covering, imprisonment, corruption, underlying tendency, obsession, creeper, avarice, root of suffering, source of suffering, production of suffering, Māra's snare, Māra's hook, Māra's domain, river of craving, net of craving, leash of craving, ocean of craving, covetousness, greed, root of the unwholesome.

Entanglement. In what sense is it entangling? It is entangling because it spreads; It is entangling because it extends; It is entangling because it diffuses; It is entangling because it ensnares; It is entangling because it contracts; It is entangling because it deceives; It is entangling because it has poison as its root; It is entangling because it has poison as its fruit; It is entangling because it is poisonous consumption; That craving is extensive in forms, sounds, odours, tastes, tactile objects, families, groups, dwellings, gains, fame, praise, pleasure, robes, almsfood, lodgings, medicinal requisites, the sense-sphere element, the form element, the formless element, sense-sphere existence, form existence, formless existence, existence with perception, existence without perception, existence with neither perception nor non-perception, existence with one aggregate, existence with four aggregates, existence with five aggregates, past, future, present, in things seen, heard, sensed and cognized - spread out and extended, thus it is entangling.

World: the world of misery, the human world, the world of deities, the world of aggregates, the world of elements, the world of bases. "Mindful" in four ways one is mindful - one is mindful developing the establishment of mindfulness by contemplating the body in the body, in feelings... etc... In mind... one is mindful developing the establishment of mindfulness by contemplating mind-objects in mind-objects.

By four other ways one is mindful - one is mindful by avoiding unmindfulness, one is mindful by doing what should be done with mindfulness, one is mindful by destroying states that are obstacles to mindfulness, one is mindful by not forgetting the signs of mindfulness.

By four other ways one is mindful - one is mindful by being endowed with mindfulness, one is mindful by mastery of mindfulness, one is mindful by proficiency in mindfulness, one is mindful by not falling away from mindfulness.

By four other ways one is mindful - one is mindful by being mindful, one is mindful by being peaceful, one is mindful by being calmed, one is mindful by being endowed with peaceful states. One is mindful by recollection of the Buddha, one is mindful by recollection of the Teaching, one is mindful by recollection of the Community, one is mindful by recollection of virtue, one is mindful by recollection of generosity, one is mindful by recollection of deities, one is mindful by mindfulness of breathing, one is mindful by mindfulness of death, one is mindful by mindfulness directed to the body, one is mindful by recollection of peace. That which is mindfulness, recollection, remembrance, mindfulness, state of remembering, bearing in mind, not floating away, not forgetting, mindfulness, faculty of mindfulness, power of mindfulness, right mindfulness, mindfulness as enlightenment factor, one-way path - this is called mindfulness. One who is possessed, fully possessed, attained, fully attained, entered upon, fully entered upon, endowed with this mindfulness is called mindful.

That one, mindful, transcends this clinging in the world. That clinging in the world, or that attachment in the world, one who is mindful crosses over, goes beyond, passes beyond, transcends, and overcomes - that one, mindful, transcends this clinging in the world.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

4.

Fields, land, and gold: Fields: rice fields, paddy fields, mung bean fields, bean fields, barley fields, wheat fields, sesame fields. Land: house land, storehouse land, front land, back land, park land, monastery land. Gold: gold means money - fields, land, and gold.

Cattle and horses, slaves and workers: 'Cattle' means cows. 'Beasts' means cattle and so forth. 'Slaves' means four kinds of slaves - a slave born within the household, a slave bought with money, one who voluntarily enters into slavery, or one who unwillingly enters into the domain of slavery.

'Persons' means three kinds of persons - hired workers, labourers, and dependents - cattle, beasts, slaves and persons.

Women, relatives, and manifold sensual pleasures. 'Women' means possession of women. 'Relatives' means four kinds of relatives - relatives by blood are relatives, relatives by clan are relatives, relatives by sacred texts are relatives, relatives by craft are relatives. 'Manifold sensual pleasures' means many sensual pleasures. These manifold sensual pleasures are agreeable forms... agreeable tactile objects - women, relatives, manifold sensual pleasures.

'The person who is greedy for them'. "One": whoever he may be, of whatever sort, of whatever position, of whatever status, of whatever kind, having reached whatever station, endowed with whatever qualities - whether noble, brahmin, merchant, or worker, whether householder or one gone forth, whether deity or human being. A 'person' means a being, a man, a person, a human, an individual, a soul, a person, a being, a person, a human. 'Is greedy' means one is greedy, is very greedy, is attached, is bound by sensual defilements to objects of sensual pleasure - the person who is greedy for them.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

5.

The weak ones overpower him: Weak ones: weak defilements, feeble, of little strength, of little power, low, inferior, base, mean, worthless, limited. Those defilements overwhelm that person, completely overwhelm, overpower, overcome, exhaust, and crush - in this way the weak ones overpower him. Or else, a weak person, feeble, of little strength, of little power, low, inferior, base, mean, worthless, limited, who has no power of faith, power of energy, power of mindfulness, power of concentration, power of wisdom, power of moral shame, power of fear of wrongdoing. Those defilements overwhelm that person, completely overwhelm, overpower, overcome, exhaust, and crush - in this way too the weak ones overpower him.

Dangers crush him: Two dangers - evident dangers and hidden dangers. What are the evident dangers? Lions, tigers, leopards, bears, hyenas, wolves, buffaloes, elephants, snakes, scorpions, centipedes, thieves whether they have committed a crime or not yet committed a crime, eye disease, ear disease, nose disease, tongue disease, body disease, head disease, ear disease, mouth disease, tooth disease, cough, asthma, catarrh, fever, old age, stomach ache, fainting, dysentery, gripes, cholera, leprosy, boils, eczema, consumption, epilepsy, ringworm, itch, scab, nail-scratch, scabies, blood and bile, diabetes, hemorrhoids, pustules, fistula, bile-originated afflictions, phlegm-originated afflictions, wind-originated afflictions, combined afflictions, afflictions produced by change of climate, afflictions produced by careless behaviour, afflictions due to exertion, afflictions resulting from kamma, cold, heat, hunger, thirst, excrement, urine, contact with flies, mosquitoes, wind, sun and reptiles - these are called evident dangers.

What are the hidden dangers? Bodily misconduct, verbal misconduct, mental misconduct, the hindrance of sensual desire, the hindrance of ill will, the hindrance of sloth and torpor, the hindrance of restlessness and remorse, the hindrance of doubt, lust, hatred, delusion, anger, hostility, contempt, insolence, envy, avarice, deceit, fraud, obstinacy, rivalry, conceit, arrogance, vanity, negligence, all defilements, all misconduct, all anguish, all passion, all disturbance, all unwholesome volitional formations - these are called hidden dangers.

In what sense are they dangers? They overwhelm, thus they are dangers; they lead to decline, thus they are dangers; they lie in wait there, thus they are dangers. How do they overwhelm, thus they are dangers? Those dangers overwhelm that person, completely overwhelm, overpower, overcome, exhaust, and crush. Thus they overwhelm, thus they are dangers. How do they lead to decline, thus they are dangers? Those dangers lead to obstacles and decline of wholesome states. Of which wholesome states? Of right practice, of practice in accordance, of practice that is not contrary, of practice that is not opposed, of practice according to the goal, of practice in accordance with the Teaching, of fulfilment in virtuous behaviour, of guarding the doors of the faculties, of moderation in eating, of pursuit of wakefulness, of mindfulness and clear comprehension, of pursuit of development of the four establishments of mindfulness, of pursuit of development of the four right strivings, of pursuit of development of the four bases for spiritual power, of pursuit of development of the five faculties, of pursuit of development of the five powers, of pursuit of development of the seven enlightenment factors, of pursuit of development of the Noble Eightfold Path - they lead to obstacles and decline of these wholesome states. Thus they lead to decline - thus they are dangers.

How do they lie in wait there, thus they are dangers? These evil unwholesome states arise dependent on individual existence. Just as beings that dwell in holes rest in holes, beings that dwell in water rest in water, beings that dwell in forests rest in forests, beings that dwell in trees rest in trees, even so these evil unwholesome states arise dependent on individual existence. Thus they are dwellers therein - thus they are dangers.

For this was said by the Blessed One -

"A monk with a pupil and with a teacher, monks, dwells painfully, not at ease. And how, monks, does a monk with a pupil and with a teacher dwell painfully, not at ease? Here, monks, when a monk sees a form with the eye, there arise evil unwholesome states, intentions connected with fetters, and these evil unwholesome states dwell within him, flow within him - therefore he is called 'one with a pupil'. They overwhelm him. Evil unwholesome states overwhelm him - therefore he is called 'one with a teacher'.

Furthermore, monks, when a monk hears a sound with the ear, smells an odour with the nose, tastes a flavour with the tongue, touches a tactile object with the body, cognizes a mental phenomenon with the mind, there arise evil unwholesome states, intentions connected with fetters, and these evil unwholesome states dwell within him, flow within him - therefore he is called 'one with a pupil'. They overwhelm him. Evil unwholesome states overwhelm him - therefore he is called 'one with a teacher'. This, monks, is how a monk with a dweller within and with a teacher dwells painfully, not at ease. Thus they are dwellers therein - thus they are dangers.

For this was said by the Blessed One -

"Monks, there are these three inner stains - inner enemies, inner adversaries, inner murderers, inner antagonists. Which three? Greed, monks, is an inner stain, inner enemy, inner adversary, inner murderer, inner antagonist. Hatred... etc... Delusion, monks, is an inner stain, inner enemy, inner adversary, inner murderer, inner antagonist. These, monks, are the three inner stains - inner enemies, inner adversaries, inner murderers, inner antagonists.

Thus they are dwellers therein - thus they are dangers.

This too was said by the Blessed One - "Great king, three things arising internally in a person arise for their harm, suffering, and dwelling in discomfort. Which three? Great king, greed arising internally in a person arises for their harm, suffering, and dwelling in discomfort. Great king, hatred... etc... Great king, delusion arising internally in a person arises for their harm, suffering, and dwelling in discomfort. Great king, these three things arising internally in a person arise for their harm, suffering, and dwelling in discomfort.

Thus they are dwellers therein - thus they are dangers.

This too was stated by the Blessed One:

Thus they are dwellers therein - thus they are dangers. Dangers crush him: Those dangers overwhelm that person, completely overwhelm, overpower, overcome, exhaust, and crush - dangers crush him.

Then suffering follows him: From that means from each of those dangers, suffering follows that person, comes after, accompanies: the suffering of birth follows, comes after, accompanies; the suffering of aging follows, comes after, accompanies; the suffering of illness follows, comes after, accompanies; the suffering of death follows, comes after, accompanies; the suffering of sorrow, lamentation, pain, displeasure and despair follows, comes after, accompanies; the suffering of hell follows, comes after, accompanies; the suffering of the animal realm, the suffering of the domain of ghosts follows, comes after, accompanies; human suffering... suffering rooted in descent into the womb... suffering rooted in remaining in the womb... suffering rooted in emergence from the womb... suffering connected with birth... suffering of the newborn being dependent on others... suffering of self-inflicted torture... suffering inflicted by others follows, comes after, accompanies; intrinsic suffering follows, comes after, accompanies; suffering due to formations... suffering due to change... eye disease, ear disease, nose disease, tongue disease, body disease, head disease, ear disease, mouth disease, tooth disease, cough, asthma, catarrh, fever, old age, stomach ache, fainting, dysentery, gripes, cholera, leprosy, boils, eczema, consumption, epilepsy, ringworm, itch, scab, nail-scratch, scabies, blood and bile, diabetes, hemorrhoids, pustules, fistula, bile-originated afflictions, phlegm-originated afflictions, wind-originated afflictions, combined afflictions, afflictions produced by change of climate, afflictions produced by careless behaviour, afflictions due to exertion, afflictions resulting from kamma, cold, heat, hunger, thirst, excrement, urine, suffering from contact with flies, mosquitoes, wind, sun and reptiles... suffering from mother's death... suffering from father's death... suffering from brother's death... suffering from sister's death... suffering from son's death... suffering from daughter's death... suffering from disaster to relatives... suffering from disaster to wealth... suffering from disaster through disease... suffering from disaster to virtue... suffering from disaster to view follows, comes after, accompanies - Then suffering follows him,

Like water into a broken boat. Just as water enters and follows and accompanies a broken boat from all sides, water enters and follows and accompanies from the front, from below... water enters and follows and accompanies from the sides; even so from each of those dangers, suffering follows that person, comes after, accompanies: the suffering of birth follows, comes after, accompanies...etc... suffering from disaster to view follows, comes after, accompanies - like water into a broken boat.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

6.

Therefore a being, always mindful means: Therefore means: for that reason, because of that cause, because of that condition, because of that source, seeing this danger in sensual pleasures - therefore. Being means: a being, a man, a person, a human, an individual, a soul, a person, a being, a person, a human. Always means: always, at all times, all the time, perpetually, constantly, continuously, uninterruptedly, successively, repeatedly, like waves of water, without interval, in succession, connected, in contact, before the meal, after the meal, in the first watch, in the middle watch, in the last watch, in the dark fortnight, in the bright fortnight, in the rainy season, in winter, in summer, in the first stage of life, in the middle stage of life, in the last stage of life. "Mindful" in four ways one is mindful - one is mindful developing the establishment of mindfulness by contemplating the body in the body, in feelings... In mind... one is mindful developing the establishment of mindfulness by contemplating mind-objects in mind-objects. By four other ways one is mindful... etc... one is called mindful - therefore a being, always mindful.

Should avoid sensual pleasures means: "Sensual pleasures" in brief are twofold - objects of sensual pleasure and defilements of sensual pleasure... etc... these are called objective sensual pleasures... etc... these are called defiling sensual pleasures. "Should avoid sensual pleasures" means one should avoid sensual pleasures in two ways - by suppression or by elimination. How should one avoid sensual pleasures by suppression? Seeing that "sensual pleasures are like a skeleton in the sense of little gratification," one should avoid sensual pleasures by suppression; seeing that "sensual pleasures are like a piece of meat in the sense of being shared by many," one should avoid sensual pleasures by suppression; seeing that "sensual pleasures are like a grass torch in the sense of burning," one should avoid sensual pleasures by suppression... etc... developing the attainment of the base of neither-perception-nor-non-perception, one should avoid sensual pleasures by suppression. Thus one should avoid sensual pleasures by suppression... etc... thus one should avoid sensual pleasures by complete abandonment - one should avoid sensual pleasures.

Having abandoned them, one would cross the flood. Having fully understood material sensual pleasures and having abandoned, given up, dispelled, terminated and obliterated sensual desire; having abandoned, given up, dispelled, terminated and obliterated the hindrance of sensual desire; the hindrance of ill will...etc... the hindrance of sloth and torpor... the hindrance of restlessness and remorse... having abandoned, given up, dispelled, terminated and obliterated the hindrance of doubt, one would cross, overcome, transcend, go beyond and surmount the flood of sensual pleasure, the flood of existence, the flood of views and the flood of ignorance - Having abandoned them, one would cross the flood.

Like one who has bailed out a boat, gone to the far shore. Just as having bailed out, removed and discarded water from a heavy laden boat, one would go to the far shore quickly, lightly and with little difficulty in a light boat; even so, having fully understood material sensual pleasures and having abandoned, given up, dispelled, terminated and obliterated sensual desire; the hindrance of sensual desire... the hindrance of ill will... the hindrance of sloth and torpor... the hindrance of restlessness and remorse... having abandoned, given up, dispelled, terminated and obliterated the hindrance of doubt, one would go to the far shore quickly, lightly and with little difficulty. The far shore is called the Deathless, Nibbāna. That which is the stilling of all formations, the relinquishment of all acquisitions, the destruction of craving, dispassion, cessation, Nibbāna. Would go to the far shore means - would reach the far shore, would touch the far shore, would realize the far shore. One gone to the far shore means one who wishes to go to the far shore is also one gone to the far shore; one who is going to the far shore is also one gone to the far shore; one who has gone to the far shore is also one gone to the far shore.

This too was said by the Blessed One -

crossed over, gone beyond, the brahmin stands on high ground. "Brahmin", monks, this is a designation for an arahant. He has gone beyond through direct knowledge, gone beyond through full understanding, gone beyond through abandoning, gone beyond through development, gone beyond through realization, gone beyond through attainment. Gone beyond through direct knowledge of all things, gone beyond through full understanding of all suffering, gone beyond through abandoning of all defilements, gone beyond through development of the four noble paths, gone beyond through realization of cessation, gone beyond through attainment of all attainments. One who has mastered and reached perfection in noble virtue, one who has mastered and reached perfection in noble concentration, one who has mastered and reached perfection in noble wisdom, one who has mastered and reached perfection in noble liberation. He has gone to the far shore, reached the far shore, gone to the end, reached the end, gone to the peak, reached the peak, gone to the limit, reached the limit, gone to the conclusion, reached the conclusion, gone to shelter, reached shelter, gone to refuge, reached refuge, gone to safety, reached safety, gone to the imperishable, reached the imperishable, gone to the Deathless, reached the Deathless, gone to Nibbāna, reached Nibbāna. He has lived the life, fulfilled his conduct, completed the journey, finished the course, reached the summit, guarded the holy life, attained the supreme view, developed the path, abandoned defilements, penetrated the unshakable, realized cessation, his suffering is fully understood, origin is abandoned, path is developed, cessation is realized, what should be directly known is directly known, what should be fully understood is fully understood, what should be abandoned is abandoned, what should be developed is developed, what should be realized is realized.

He has lifted the barrier, filled in the moat, pulled out the pillar, unlocked the bolt, is noble, has lowered the flag, put down the burden, is unfettered, has abandoned five factors, is endowed with six factors, has one guard, has four supports, has rejected individual truths, has thoroughly given up searching through equanimity, has pure intention, has tranquillized bodily formations, has well-liberated mind, has well-liberated wisdom, is consummate, has lived the life, is the supreme person, the highest person, one who has reached the supreme attainment. One neither accumulates nor diminishes, having diminished and standing still. One neither abandons nor clings, having abandoned and standing still. One neither binds together nor accumulates, having dispersed and standing still. One neither dispels nor collects, having dispelled and standing still. Standing still, being endowed with the aggregate of virtue of one beyond training. With the aggregate of concentration of one beyond training... with the aggregate of wisdom of one beyond training... with the aggregate of liberation of one beyond training... standing still, being endowed with the aggregate of knowledge and vision of liberation of one beyond training. Standing still, having realized truth. Standing still, having transcended stirring. Standing still, having exhausted the fire of defilements, standing still through non-wandering, standing still having undertaken what was done, standing still through pursuit of freedom, standing still through the purification of loving-kindness, through compassion... through altruistic joy... standing still through the purification of equanimity, standing still through ultimate purification, standing still through freedom from action, standing still through liberation, standing still through contentment, standing still at the end of aggregates, standing still at the end of elements, standing still at the end of bases, standing still at the end of destinations, standing still at the end of rebirth, standing still at the end of reconnection, standing still at the end of existence, standing still at the end of the round of rebirths, standing still at the end of the round, standing still in the final existence, standing still in the final body, the arahant bearing the final body.

Like one who has bailed out a boat, gone to the far shore. Thus spoke the Blessed One -

Exposition of the Discourse on Sensual Pleasure, First.

2.

Exposition of the Discourse on the Octet about the Cave

Now he will speak the exposition of the discourse on the octet about the cave -

7.

A being in a cave covered by many things means: It is said "a being," but first the cave should be discussed. The body is called a cave. Whether body or cave or frame or mortal frame or boat or chariot or banner or anthill or city or nest or hut or tumour or vessel or dragon - these are designations for the body. "A being in a cave" means in the cave one is stuck, attached, fixed, caught, clung to, hindered. Just as on a wall peg or an elephant tusk a cloth is stuck, attached, fixed, caught, clung to, hindered; even so in the cave one is stuck, attached, fixed, caught, clung to, hindered. For this was said by the Blessed One -

"When there is desire, lust, delight, craving, engagement and clinging, mental standpoints, adherence and underlying tendencies regarding form, Rādha, there one is stuck, there one is attached; therefore one is said to be a being. "Rādha, feeling...etc... perception, Rādha... formations, Rādha... When there is desire, lust, delight, craving, engagement and clinging, mental standpoints, adherence and underlying tendencies regarding consciousness, Rādha, there one is stuck, there one is attached; therefore one is said to be a being. 'Being' is a designation for attachment - a being in a cave. 'Covered by many things' means covered by many defilements: covered by lust, covered by hatred, covered by delusion, covered by anger, covered by hostility, covered by contempt, covered by insolence, covered by envy, covered by selfishness, covered by deceit, covered by fraud, covered by obstinacy, covered by rivalry, covered by conceit, covered by arrogance, covered by vanity, covered by negligence. Covered, completely covered, entirely covered, enveloped, enclosed, obstructed, concealed, hidden by all defilements, all misconduct, all anguish, all passion, all disturbance, all unwholesome volitional formations - a being in a cave covered by many things.

'Standing, a person sunk in delusion' means: a standing person with lust stands under the control of lust, with hatred stands under the control of hatred, with delusion stands under the control of delusion, fettered stands under the control of conceit, grasping stands under the control of views, distracted stands under the control of restlessness, undecided stands under the control of doubt, tenacious stands under the control of underlying tendencies. Thus too a person stands.

For this was said by the Blessed One - "There are, monks, forms cognizable by the eye that are wished for, desired, agreeable, pleasing, connected with sensual pleasure, enticing. If a monk seeks delight in them, welcomes them, holds to them, and stands engaged with them. There are, monks, sounds cognizable by the ear... etc... Odours cognizable by the nose... Tastes cognizable by the tongue... Tactile objects cognizable by the body... Mind-objects cognizable by the mind that are wished for, desired, agreeable, pleasing, connected with sensual pleasure, enticing. If a monk seeks delight in them, welcomes them, holds to them, and stands engaged with them." Thus too a person stands.

For this was said by the Blessed One - "When consciousness, monks, stands engaged with form, it stands with form as its object, with form as its support, with delight as its refreshment, and reaches growth, increase and expansion. When consciousness, monks, stands engaged with feeling... etc... When engaged with perception... When consciousness, monks, stands engaged with formations, it stands with formations as its object, with formations as its support, with delight as its refreshment, and reaches growth, increase and expansion." Thus too a person stands.

This too was said by the Blessed One - "Monks, if there is lust, delight, and craving for material food, consciousness is established there and increases. Where consciousness is established and increases, there is the descent of name-and-form. Where there is the descent of name-and-form, there is the growth of formations. Where there is the growth of formations, there is the production of renewed existence in the future. Where there is the production of renewed existence in the future, there is birth, aging, and death in the future. Where there is birth, aging, and death in the future, monks, I say that is accompanied by sorrow, conflict, and despair." Thus too a person stands.

"If in the case of contact as nutriment, monks...etc... "If in the case of mental volition as nutriment, monks...etc... "If in consciousness as nutriment, monks, there is lust, delight, and craving, consciousness is established there and increases. Where consciousness is established and increases, there is the descent of name-and-form. Where there is the descent of name-and-form, there is the growth of formations. Where there is the growth of formations, there is the production of renewed existence in the future. Where there is the production of renewed existence in the future, there is birth, aging, and death in the future. Where there is birth, aging, and death in the future, monks, I say that is accompanied by sorrow, conflict, and despair." Thus too a person stands.

"Immersed in delusion," it is said. The five cords of sensual pleasure are called delusions. Forms cognizable by the eye that are wished for, desired, agreeable, pleasing, connected with sensual pleasure, enticing; sounds cognizable by the ear... Odours cognizable by the nose... Tastes cognizable by the tongue... Tactile objects cognizable by the body that are wished for, desired, agreeable, pleasing, connected with sensual pleasure, enticing. For what reason are the five cords of sensual pleasure called delusions? Most deities and human beings are deluded, confused, and bewildered about the five cords of sensual pleasure; they are deluded, confused, bewildered, blinded by ignorance, hindered, obstructed, covered, concealed, and closed off, for this reason the five cords of sensual pleasure are called delusions. 'Sunk in delusion' means: sunk, plunged, immersed, submerged in delusion - standing, a person sunk in delusion.

Such a one is far from seclusion. Seclusions: there are three seclusions - bodily seclusion, mental seclusion, and seclusion from acquisitions. What is bodily seclusion? Here a monk resorts to a secluded lodging: a forest, the root of a tree, a mountain, a ravine, a hillside cave, a charnel ground, a jungle thicket, an open space, or a heap of straw. He dwells secluded in body. He goes alone, stands alone, sits alone, lies down alone, enters the village for alms alone, returns alone, sits in seclusion alone, walks up and down alone, walks alone, dwells alone, moves alone, conducts himself alone, maintains himself alone, lives alone. This is bodily seclusion.

What is mental seclusion? For one who has attained the first meditative absorption, the mind is secluded from hindrances. For one who has attained the second meditative absorption, the mind is secluded from thought and examination. For one who has attained the third meditative absorption, the mind is secluded from rapture. For one who has attained the fourth meditative absorption, the mind is secluded from pleasure and pain. For one who has attained the base of the infinity of space, the mind is secluded from perception of form, perception of sensory impingement, and perception of diversity. For one who has attained the base of infinite consciousness, the mind is secluded from perception of the base of the infinity of space. For one who has attained the base of nothingness, the mind is secluded from perception of the base of infinite consciousness. For one who has attained the base of neither-perception-nor-non-perception, the mind is secluded from perception of the base of nothingness. For a stream-enterer, the mind is secluded from identity view, doubt, adherence to rules and vows, the underlying tendency to views, the underlying tendency to doubt, and from defilements associated with these. For a once-returner, the mind is secluded from gross fetters of sensual lust and aversion, gross underlying tendencies to sensual lust and aversion, and from defilements associated with these. For a non-returner, the mind is secluded from residual fetters of sensual lust and aversion, residual underlying tendencies to sensual lust and aversion, and from defilements associated with these. For a Worthy One, the mind is secluded from lust for form and formless, conceit, restlessness, ignorance, the underlying tendency to conceit, the underlying tendency to lust for existence, the underlying tendency to ignorance, from defilements associated with these, and externally from all signs. This is seclusion of mind.

What is seclusion from acquisitions? Acquisitions are called defilements, aggregates and volitional formations. The seclusion from acquisitions is called the Deathless, Nibbāna. That which is the stilling of all formations, the relinquishment of all acquisitions, the destruction of craving, dispassion, cessation, Nibbāna. This is seclusion from acquisitions. Bodily seclusion is for those with secluded bodies who delight in renunciation, mental seclusion is for those with purified minds who have attained supreme cleansing, and seclusion from acquisitions is for individuals without acquisitions who have gone beyond formations.

Far from seclusion indeed. That being in the cave thus, covered by many defilements thus, thus plunged in delusion, is far from bodily seclusion, far from mental seclusion, far from seclusion from acquisitions, distant, very distant, not near, not in the vicinity, not close, standing apart from seclusion. 'Such a one' means one like that, established thus, of such a kind, of such a nature, who is plunged in delusion - such a one is far from seclusion.

For sensual pleasures in the world are not easily abandoned. "Sensual pleasures" in brief are twofold - objects of sensual pleasure and defilements of sensual pleasure. What are the objects of sensual pleasure? Agreeable forms, agreeable sounds, agreeable odours, agreeable tastes, agreeable tactile objects, spreads, coverlets, male and female slaves, goats and sheep, fowl and pigs, elephants, cattle, horses and mares, fields, property, gold, money, villages, towns, royal cities, the country and provinces, the treasury and storehouses, whatever is an enticing object - these are objects of sensual pleasure. Moreover, there are past sensual pleasures, future sensual pleasures, present sensual pleasures, internal sensual pleasures, external sensual pleasures, both internal and external sensual pleasures, low sensual pleasures, middling sensual pleasures, sublime sensual pleasures, sensual pleasures of the planes of misery, human sensual pleasures, divine sensual pleasures, present sensual pleasures, created sensual pleasures, uncreated sensual pleasures, sensual pleasures created by others, possessed sensual pleasures, unpossessed sensual pleasures, cherished sensual pleasures, uncherished sensual pleasures, all mind-objects of the sense-sphere, all mind-objects of the form-sphere, all mind-objects of the formless-sphere, which are objects of craving, bases for craving, in the sense of being desirable, in the sense of being lustful, in the sense of being intoxicating, are sensual pleasures. These are called objective sensual pleasures.

What are defiling sensual pleasures? Desire is sensual pleasure, lust is sensual pleasure, desire and lust is sensual pleasure; intention is sensual pleasure, lust is sensual pleasure, lustful intention is sensual pleasure; that which in sensual pleasures is sensual desire, lust for sensual pleasures, delight in sensual pleasures, craving for sensual pleasures, affection for sensual pleasures, passion for sensual pleasures, infatuation with sensual pleasures, clinging to sensual pleasures, flood of sensual pleasures, bondage of sensual pleasures, clinging to sensual pleasures, hindrance of sensual desire.

These are called defiling sensual pleasures. World: the world of misery, the human world, the world of deities, the world of aggregates, the world of elements, the world of bases. For sensual pleasures in the world are not easily abandoned. For sensual pleasures in the world are hard to abandon, hard to give up, hard to relinquish, hard to subdue, hard to disentangle, very hard to disentangle, hard to cross over, very hard to cross over, hard to transcend, hard to turn back from - for sensual pleasures in the world are not easily abandoned.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

8.

"Bound by the sweetness of existence with wish as source." Wish means craving. That which is lust, infatuation, inclination, compliance, delight, passionate delight, the mind's infatuation, wish, confusion, clamp, greed, intense greed, attachment, mud, stirring, deceit, producer, reproducer, sewer, net, stream, entanglement, thread, diffusion, accumulator, partner, wish, conduit to existence, wood, jungle, connection, affection, longing, bondage, hope, hoping, state of hoping, hope for forms, hope for sounds, hope for odours, hope for tastes, hope for tactile objects, hope for gain, hope for wealth, hope for children, hope for life, muttering, mumbling, murmuring, state of muttering, state of greed, greediness, state of greediness, fawning, desire for approval, unrighteous lust, unrighteous greed, yearning, desire, longing, envying, intense longing, craving for sensual pleasure, craving for existence, craving for non-existence, craving for form, craving for the formless, craving for cessation, craving for forms, craving for sounds, craving for odours, craving for tastes, craving for tactile objects, craving for mind-objects, flood, bondage, knot, clinging, obstruction, hindrance, covering, imprisonment, corruption, underlying tendency, obsession, creeper, avarice, root of suffering, source of suffering, production of suffering, Māra's snare, Māra's hook, Māra's domain, river of craving, net of craving, leash of craving, ocean of craving, covetousness, greed, root of the unwholesome. "With wish as source" means originating from wish, caused by wish, conditioned by wish, for the reason of wish, produced by wish - with wish as source.

"Bound by the sweetness of existence." One sweetness of existence - pleasant feeling. Two sweetnesses of existence - pleasant feeling and agreeable object. Three sweetnesses of existence - youth, health, life. Four sweetnesses of existence - gain, fame, praise, happiness. Five sweetnesses of existence - agreeable forms, agreeable sounds, agreeable odours, agreeable tastes, agreeable tactile objects. Six sweetnesses of existence - perfection of eye, perfection of ear, perfection of nose, perfection of tongue, perfection of body, perfection of mind. Bound by the sweetness of existence, bound by pleasant feeling, bound by agreeable objects, bound by youth, bound by health, bound by life, bound by gain, bound by fame, bound by praise, bound by happiness, bound by agreeable forms, by sounds... in odours... in tastes... bound by agreeable tactile objects, bound by perfection of eye, bound by perfection of ear-nose-tongue-body-mind, bound, fastened, stuck, adhering, fettered - with wish as source, bound by the sweetness of existence.

They are hard to free, for there is no freedom through another means those objects of the sweetness of existence are hard to free from, or beings are hard to be freed from this. How are these bases of sweetness of existence hard to release? Pleasant feeling is hard to release, agreeable object is hard to release, youth is hard to release, health is hard to release, life is hard to release, gain is hard to release, fame is hard to release, praise is hard to release, happiness is hard to release, agreeable forms are hard to release, agreeable sounds... odours... tastes... tactile objects are hard to release, perfection of eye is hard to release, perfection of ear-nose-tongue-body-mind is hard to release, hard to free from, very hard to free from, hard to disentangle, very hard to disentangle, hard to cross over, very hard to cross over, hard to transcend, hard to turn back from. Thus these bases of sweetness of existence are hard to release.

How are beings hard to free from this? Beings are hard to free from pleasant feeling, hard to free from agreeable objects, hard to free from youth, hard to free from health, hard to free from life, hard to free from gain, hard to free from fame, hard to free from praise, hard to free from happiness, hard to free from agreeable forms, hard to free from agreeable sounds... odours... tastes... hard to free from tactile objects, hard to free from perfection of eye, hard to free from perfection of ear-nose-tongue-body-mind, hard to lift up, very hard to lift up, hard to raise up, very hard to raise up, hard to disentangle, very hard to disentangle, hard to cross over, very hard to cross over, hard to transcend, hard to turn back from. Thus beings are hard to free from this - they are hard to free.

For there is no freedom through another means they who are themselves stuck in the swamp cannot pull out another who is stuck in the swamp. For this was said by the Blessed One - "That one who is himself stuck in the swamp should pull out another who is stuck in the swamp - this is not a possible position. That one who is himself untamed, undisciplined, unquenched should tame, discipline, and lead another to quenching - this is not a possible position." Thus indeed there is no freedom through another.

Or else there is no other liberator. If they were to be freed, they would be freed by their own strength, their own force, their own energy, their own exertion, their own manly strength, their own manly force, their own manly energy, their own manly exertion, practising by themselves the right way, the proper way, the non-opposing way, the direct way, the way in accordance with the Teaching. Thus indeed there is no freedom through another.

This too was said by the Blessed One -

Thus indeed there is no freedom through another.

This too was said by the Blessed One -

Thus indeed there is no freedom through another.

This too was said by the Blessed One - "Even so, brahmin, while Nibbāna exists, while the path leading to Nibbāna exists, while I exist as guide. Yet when my disciples are thus exhorted by me, thus instructed by me, some attain the ultimate goal, Nibbāna, and some do not attain it. What can I do about that, brahmin? The Truth Finder is one who shows the path, brahmin. The Enlightened One points out the path. When they practise by themselves, they would be freed." Thus indeed there is no freedom through another - they are hard to free, for there is no freedom through another.

Longing for what comes after or before. After refers to the future, before refers to the past. Moreover, in reference to the past, both future and present are after; in reference to the future, both past and present are before. How does one have regard for before? 'Such was my form in the past course' - one brings delight to that. 'Such was my feeling in the past course'... 'Such was my perception in the past course'... 'Such were my formations in the past course'... 'Such was my consciousness in the past course' - one brings delight to that. Thus too one has regard for before.

Or else 'Such was my eye in the past course, such were forms' - consciousness is bound by desire and lust for that. Because consciousness is bound by desire and lust, one delights in that. Delighting in that, thus too one has regard for before. 'Such was my ear in the past, such were sounds'... etc... 'Such was my nose in the past, such were odours'... 'Such was my tongue in the past, such were tastes'... 'Such was my body in the past, such were tactile objects'... 'Such was my mind in the past, such were mind-objects' - consciousness is bound by desire and lust for that. Because consciousness is bound by desire and lust, one delights in that. Delighting in that, thus too one has regard for before.

Or else he finds gratification in, desires, and finds satisfaction in former times when he laughed, chatted and played with a woman. Thus too one has regard for before.

How does one have regard for after? 'May I be of such form in the future course' - one brings delight to that. 'May I be of such feeling...' 'May I be of such perception...' 'May I be of such formations...' 'May I be of such consciousness in the future course' - one brings delight to that. Thus too one has regard for after.

Or else 'Such might be my eye in the future, such might be forms' - One sets one's mind on acquiring what has not been acquired. Due to that mental wish one seeks delight in it. Seeking delight in it, thus too one has regard for after. 'Such might be my ear in the future, such might be sounds'... 'Such might be my nose in the future, such might be odours'... 'Such might be my tongue in the future, such might be tastes'... 'Such might be my body in the future, such might be tactile objects'... 'Such might be my mind in the future, such might be mind-objects' - One sets one's mind on acquiring what has not been acquired. Due to that mental wish one seeks delight in it. Seeking delight in it, thus too one has regard for after.

Or else 'By this virtue or vow or austerity or holy life, I will become a deity or a certain kind of deity' - One sets one's mind on acquiring what has not been acquired. Due to that mental wish one seeks delight in it. Seeking delight in it, thus too one has regard for after. Longing for what comes after or before.

They yearn for these present sensual pleasures or those of the past. These present sensual pleasures means desiring, relishing, longing for, yearning for, and eagerly wanting the five present cords of sensual pleasure. They yearn for those of the past means yearning for, eagerly yearning for, and intensely yearning for the five cords of sensual pleasure of the past - these present sensual pleasures or those of the past.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

9.

Greedy for sensual pleasures, devoted and deluded. "Sensual pleasures" in brief are twofold - objects of sensual pleasure and defilements of sensual pleasure... etc... these are called objective sensual pleasures... etc... these are called defiling sensual pleasures. Greed is called craving. That which is lust, infatuation... etc... covetousness, greed, root of the unwholesome. With defiling sensual pleasure, they are impassioned, greedy, tied, infatuated, blindly absorbed, stuck, attached, and hindered regarding objects of sensual pleasure - greedy for sensual pleasures.

"Devoted": those who seek, search and quest for sensual pleasures, who are of such conduct, abundant in it, heavy with it, slanting towards it, sloping towards it, inclining towards it, disposed to it, under its authority, they too are devoted to sensual pleasures. Those who due to craving seek, search and quest for forms... sounds... odours... tastes... tactile objects...etc... quest for them, who are of such conduct, abundant in it, heavy with it, slanting towards it, sloping towards it, inclining towards it, disposed to it, under its authority, they too are devoted to sensual pleasures. Those who due to craving obtain forms... sounds... odours... tastes... obtain tactile objects, who are of such conduct, abundant in it, heavy with it, slanting towards it, sloping towards it, inclining towards it, disposed to it, under its authority, they too are devoted to sensual pleasures. Those who due to craving enjoy forms... sounds... odours... tastes... enjoy tactile objects, who are of such conduct, abundant in it, heavy with it, slanting towards it, sloping towards it, inclining towards it, disposed to it, under its authority, they too are devoted to sensual pleasures. Just as a quarrelmaker is devoted to quarrels, a worker is devoted to work, one moving in his range is devoted to his range, a meditator is devoted to meditation; even so, those who seek, search and quest for sensual pleasures, who are of such conduct, abundant in it, heavy with it, slanting towards it, sloping towards it, inclining towards it, disposed to it, under its authority, they too are devoted to sensual pleasures. Those who due to craving seek, search and quest for forms... sounds... odours... tastes... tactile objects...etc... quest for them, who are of such conduct, abundant in it, heavy with it, slanting towards it, sloping towards it, inclining towards it, disposed to it, under its authority, they too are devoted to sensual pleasures. Those who due to craving obtain forms... sounds... odours... tastes... obtain tactile objects, who are of such conduct, abundant in it, heavy with it, slanting towards it, sloping towards it, inclining towards it, disposed to it, under its authority, they too are devoted to sensual pleasures. Those who due to craving enjoy forms... sounds... odours... tastes... enjoy tactile objects, who are of such conduct, abundant in it, heavy with it, slanting towards it, sloping towards it, inclining towards it, disposed to it, under its authority, they too are devoted to sensual pleasures.

"Bewildered": most deities and human beings are deluded, confused, and bewildered about the five cords of sensual pleasure; they are deluded, confused, bewildered, blinded by ignorance, hindered, obstructed, covered, concealed, and closed off - Greedy for sensual pleasures, devoted and deluded.

Ungenerous, they are established in unrighteousness. 'Ungenerous': they are called ungenerous because they go down, they are called ungenerous because they are miserly, they are called ungenerous because they do not accept the word, way, teaching and instruction of the Buddha's disciples - ungenerous. How are they ungenerous because they go down? They go to hell, they go to the animal realm, they go to the domain of ghosts; thus they go down - ungenerous. How are the miserly called ungenerous? Five kinds of selfishness - selfishness regarding dwellings, selfishness regarding families, selfishness regarding gains, selfishness regarding praise, selfishness regarding the Teaching. Whatever selfishness, being selfish, state of being selfish, stinginess, meanness, tight-fistedness, state of not giving up in the mind - this is called selfishness. Moreover, selfishness regarding aggregates is selfishness, selfishness regarding elements is selfishness, selfishness regarding sense bases is selfishness - this grasping. This is called selfishness. People endowed with this selfishness and ungenerosity are negligent. Thus the miserly are called ungenerous. How do they not accept the word, way, teaching and instruction of the Buddha's disciples - ungenerous? They do not accept, do not want to listen to, do not lend ear to, do not establish their minds on knowledge of the word, way, teaching and instruction of the Buddha's disciples; they are disobedient, do not follow instructions, act contrary, and turn their faces away. Thus they do not accept the word, way, teaching and instruction of the Buddha's disciples, therefore ungenerous - ungenerous.

'They are established in unrighteousness': they are established in unrighteous bodily action, established in unrighteous verbal action, established in unrighteous mental action, established in unrighteous destruction of life, established in unrighteous taking what is not given, established in unrighteous sexual misconduct, established in unrighteous false speech, established in unrighteous divisive speech, established in unrighteous harsh speech... in unrighteous idle chatter... established in unrighteous covetousness, in unrighteous ill will... established in unrighteous wrong view, established in unrighteous formations, established in unrighteous five cords of sensual pleasure, established, well established, settled, adhered to, gone to, consumed by, disposed to, stuck, attached, hindered in unrighteous five hindrances - ungenerous, they are established in unrighteousness.

Led by suffering they lament. Led by suffering means reached suffering, attained suffering, gone to suffering, reached death, attained death, gone to death, reached dying, attained dying, gone to dying. They lament means they talk, they prattle, they sorrow, become weary, lament, beat their breast, and fall into confusion - led by suffering they lament.

"What will we become when we pass away from here?" means having passed away from here what will we become? "We will be hell beings, we will be in the animal realm, we will be in the domain of ghosts, we will be human beings, we will be deities, we will be form beings, we will be formless beings, we will be percipient beings, we will be non-percipient beings, we will be neither-percipient-nor-non-percipient beings," fallen into doubt, fallen into uncertainty, become confused, they talk, they prattle, they sorrow, become weary, lament, beat their breast, and fall into confusion - "What will we become when we pass away from here?"

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

10.

Therefore a being should train right here means: Therefore means: for that reason, because of that cause, because of that condition, because of that source, seeing this danger in sensual pleasures - therefore. Should train means the three trainings - training in higher virtuous behaviour, training in higher mind, training in higher wisdom.

What is training in higher virtuous behaviour? Here, a monk is virtuous, dwells restrained by the restraint of the code of monastic rules, possessed of proper conduct and resort, seeing danger in the slightest faults, trains in the training rules he has undertaken. The small aggregate of virtuous behaviour, the great aggregate of virtuous behaviour, virtue as support, beginning, conduct, self-control, restraint, release, and foremost for the attainment of wholesome states - this is the training in higher virtuous behaviour.

What is the training in higher mind? Here a monk, quite secluded from sensual pleasures, secluded from unwholesome states, enters and dwells in the first meditative absorption, which is accompanied by thought and examination, with rapture and happiness born of seclusion. With the subsiding of thought and examination, he enters and dwells in the second meditative absorption, which has internal confidence and unification of mind, is without thought and examination, with rapture and happiness born of concentration. With the fading away of rapture, he dwells in equanimity, mindful and clearly comprehending, and experiences happiness with the body - that which the noble ones declare - 'One who is equanimous and mindful, one who dwells in happiness' - enters and dwells in the third meditative absorption. With the abandoning of pleasure and pain, and with the previous disappearance of joy and displeasure, he enters and dwells in the fourth meditative absorption, which has neither-pain-nor-pleasure and purity of mindfulness due to equanimity - this is the training in higher mind.

What is the training in higher wisdom? Here a monk is wise, endowed with the wisdom that sees the rise and fall of phenomena, which is noble and penetrative, leading to the complete destruction of suffering. He understands as it really is "This is suffering", he understands as it really is "This is the origin of suffering", he understands as it really is "This is the cessation of suffering", he understands as it really is "This is the way leading to the cessation of suffering". He understands as they really are "These are the taints", he understands as it really is "This is the origin of the taints", he understands as it really is "This is the cessation of the taints", he understands as it really is "This is the way leading to the cessation of the taints" - this is the training in higher wisdom.

One should train while reflecting on these three trainings, train while knowing, train while seeing, train while reviewing, train while resolving the mind, train while being intent through faith, train while rousing energy, train while establishing mindfulness, train while concentrating the mind, train while understanding with wisdom, train while directly knowing what should be directly known, train while fully understanding what should be fully understood, train while abandoning what should be abandoned, train while developing what should be developed, train while realising what should be realised - one should practise, conduct oneself, and proceed having undertaken them.

Here means: in this view, in this conviction, in this personal preference, in this belief, in this Teaching, in this discipline, in this Teaching and discipline, in this doctrine, in this holy life, in this Teacher's Dispensation, in this individual existence, in this human world - therefore it is said "here." Being means: a being, a man...etc... a human - therefore a being should train right here.

knowing whatever is unrighteous in the world means: "Whatever" is a term meaning completely and totally in every way without exception or remainder - "whatever" means. "Should know as unrighteous" means one should know unrighteous bodily action as unrighteous, should know unrighteous verbal action as unrighteous, should know unrighteous mental action as unrighteous, should know unrighteous destruction of life as unrighteous, should know unrighteous taking what is not given as unrighteous, should know unrighteous sexual misconduct as unrighteous, should know unrighteous false speech as unrighteous, should know unrighteous divisive speech as unrighteous, should know unrighteous harsh speech as unrighteous, should know unrighteous idle chatter as unrighteous, should know unrighteous covetousness as unrighteous, should know unrighteous ill will as unrighteous, should know unrighteous wrong view as unrighteous, should know unrighteous formations as unrighteous, should know unrighteous five cords of sensual pleasure as unrighteous, should know unrighteous five hindrances as unrighteous, should know, understand, comprehend and penetrate. "In the world" means in the world of planes of misery... etc... in the world of sense bases means - knowing whatever is unrighteous in the world.

"One should not live unrighteously because of that" means. One should not live unrighteously because of unrighteous bodily action, should not live unrighteously because of unrighteous verbal action, should not live unrighteously because of unrighteous mental action, should not live unrighteously because of unrighteous destruction of life, should not live unrighteously because of unrighteous taking what is not given, should not live unrighteously because of unrighteous sexual misconduct, should not live unrighteously because of unrighteous false speech, should not live unrighteously because of unrighteous divisive speech, should not live unrighteously because of unrighteous harsh speech, should not live unrighteously because of unrighteous idle chatter, should not live unrighteously because of unrighteous covetousness, should not live unrighteously because of unrighteous ill will, should not live unrighteously because of unrighteous wrong view, should not live unrighteously because of unrighteous formations, should not live unrighteously because of unrighteous five cords of sensual pleasure, should not live unrighteously because of unrighteous five hindrances, should not live unrighteously because of unrighteous volition, should not live unrighteously because of unrighteous longing, should not live unrighteously because of unrighteous wish - one should not practise, should not conduct oneself, should not lead one's life having undertaken it - one should not live unrighteously because of that.

The wise say this life is short. Life means: life span, stability, sustenance, maintenance, movement, continuity, protection, life, faculty of life. Moreover, life is short for two reasons - life is short due to limited stability, or life is short due to limited essence. How is life short due to limited stability? In a past mind-moment one lived, one does not live, one will not live; in a future mind-moment one will live, one does not live, one did not live; in a present mind-moment one lives, one did not live, one will not live.

Thus life is short due to limited stability.

How is life short due to limited essence? Life is bound up with in-breathing, life is bound up with out-breathing, life is bound up with in-breathing and out-breathing, life is bound up with the great elements, life is bound up with material food, life is bound up with heat, life is bound up with consciousness. The root of these is weak, their prior causes are weak. The conditions are weak, and those that give rise to them are weak. Their common plane is weak, their connections are weak, their co-nascent factors are weak, and what activates them is weak, these are constantly weak in relation to one another, these are unstable in relation to one another. These cause one another to fall, indeed there is no protector of one another, and these do not support one another. And one who produces them is not found.

Thus life is short due to limited essence.

And compared to the life span of the deities of the Four Great Kings, human life is short, limited, brief, momentary, fleeting, temporary, not lasting long, not enduring. of the Tāvatiṃsa deities... of the Yāma devas... of the Tusita devas... of the Nimmānaratī devas... of the Paranimmitavasavattī devas... compared to the life span of the deities of Brahmā's retinue, human life is short, limited, brief, momentary, fleeting, temporary, not lasting long, not enduring.

For this was said by the Blessed One -

"Short, monks, is the life span of human beings. The next world must be reached, this should be understood through wisdom, what is wholesome should be done, the holy life should be lived, there is no immortality for one who is born. One who lives long, monks, lives for a hundred years or a little more.

The wise say this life is short. The wise means the wise, the resolute means the wise, endowed with resolution means the wise, those who have eliminated evil means the wise. Wisdom is called understanding. That which is wisdom, understanding, investigation, full investigation, investigation-of-states, observation, noting, repeated noting, sagacity, skillfulness, discrimination, analysis, reflection, close examination, breadth of wisdom, intelligence, guidance, insight, clear comprehension, a goad, wisdom, faculty of wisdom, power of wisdom, sword of wisdom, tower of wisdom, light of wisdom, radiance of wisdom, lamp of wisdom, jewel of wisdom, non-delusion, investigation-of-states, right view - being endowed with this wisdom they are wise. Moreover, they are wise regarding aggregates, wise regarding elements, wise regarding sense bases, wise regarding dependent origination, wise regarding establishments of mindfulness, wise regarding right strivings, wise regarding bases for spiritual power, wise regarding faculties, wise regarding powers, wise regarding enlightenment factors, wise regarding the path, wise regarding fruition, wise regarding Nibbāna. Those wise ones said thus: "Human life is short, life is limited, life is brief, life is momentary, life is fleeting, life is temporary, life is not lasting, life is not enduring." They said thus, spoke thus, declared thus, explained thus, expressed thus - the wise say this life is short.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

11.

"I see in the world trembling" means: I see: I see with the fleshly eye, I see with the divine eye, I see with the eye of wisdom, I see with the enlightened eye, I see with the all-around eye, I observe, I look at, I consider, I examine. World: the world of misery, the human world, the world of deities, the world of aggregates, the world of elements, the world of bases.

Trembling means: trembling with the trembling of craving, trembling with the trembling of views, trembling with the trembling of defilements, trembling with the trembling of effort, trembling with the trembling of results, trembling with the trembling of misconduct, trembling with lust when impassioned, trembling with hatred when hateful, trembling with delusion when deluded, trembling with conceit when bound, trembling with views when grasped, trembling with restlessness when distracted, trembling with doubt when uncertain, trembling with underlying tendencies when persistent, trembling with gain, trembling with loss, trembling with fame, trembling with obscurity, trembling with praise, trembling with blame, trembling with pleasure, trembling with pain, trembling with birth, trembling with aging, trembling with illness, trembling with death, trembling with sorrow, lamentation, pain, displeasure and despair, trembling with the suffering of hell, trembling with the suffering of the animal realm, trembling with the suffering of the domain of ghosts, trembling with human suffering, trembling with the suffering rooted in descent into the womb, trembling with the suffering rooted in remaining in the womb, trembling with the suffering rooted in emerging from the womb, trembling with the suffering connected with birth, trembling with the suffering of being dependent on others after birth, trembling with the suffering of self-inflicted pain, trembling with the suffering inflicted by others, trembling with the suffering of suffering, trembling with the suffering of formations, trembling with the suffering of change, trembling with the suffering of eye disease, trembling with the suffering of ear disease, trembling with the suffering of nose disease...etc... with tongue disease... with bodily disease... with head disease... with ear disease... with mouth disease... with tooth disease... with cough... with asthma... with cold... with fever... with jaundice... with stomach disease... with fainting... with dysentery... with sharp pain... with cholera... with leprosy... with boils... with eczema... with consumption... with epilepsy... with ringworm... with itch... with scabies... with scratches... with scabs... with blood disease... with bile disease... with diabetes... with hemorrhoids... with pustules... with fistulas... with afflictions arising from bile... with afflictions arising from phlegm... with afflictions arising from wind... with afflictions arising from the combination of humors... with afflictions born of change of climate... with afflictions born of careless behaviour... with afflictions due to exertion... with afflictions born as results of action... with cold... with heat... with hunger... with thirst... with excrement... with urine... with the painful contact of flies, mosquitoes, wind, sun and reptiles... with suffering from mother's death... with suffering from father's death... with suffering from brother's death... with suffering from sister's death... with suffering from son's death... with suffering from daughter's death... with disaster regarding relatives... with disaster regarding wealth... with disaster regarding health... with disaster regarding virtuous behaviour... with suffering from disaster regarding views, trembling, thoroughly trembling, trembling in various ways, shaking, thoroughly shaking, thoroughly shaking in various ways, I see, I observe, I look at, I consider, I examine - I see in the world trembling,

This generation gone to craving in states of existence. Generation is a designation for beings. Craving is craving for forms, craving for sounds, craving for odours, craving for tastes, craving for tactile objects, craving for mind-objects. Gone to craving means gone to craving, followed by craving, spread with craving, near to craving, fallen into craving, overcome, with a mind possessed by craving. In states of existence means in sense-sphere existence, form-sphere existence, formless-sphere existence - this generation gone to craving in states of existence.

Low people prattle in the mouth of death. Low people means: low people endowed with low bodily action are low people, endowed with low verbal action are low people, endowed with low mental action are low people, endowed with low destruction of life are low people, endowed with low taking what is not given...etc... with low sexual misconduct... with low false speech... with low divisive speech... with low harsh speech... with low idle chatter... with low covetousness... with low ill will... with low wrong view... with low formations... with low five cords of sensual pleasure, with hindrances... with low volition... with low longing... endowed with low wish are low people, low, inferior, diminished, mean, base, worthless, limited - low people. Prattle in the mouth of death means: In the mouth of death means: in the mouth of death, in the mouth of dying, reached death, attained death, gone to death, reached death, attained death, gone to death, reached dying, attained dying, gone to dying, they talk, they prattle, they sorrow, become weary, lament, beat their breast, and fall into confusion - low people prattle in the mouth of death.

Not free from craving for various states of existence means: Craving: craving for forms... etc... craving for mind-objects. In various states of existence: in various states of existence, in states of action, in renewed existence, in sense-sphere existence, in states of action, in sense-sphere existence, in renewed existence, in form-sphere existence, in states of action, in form-sphere existence, in renewed existence, in formless-sphere existence, in states of action, in formless-sphere existence, in renewed existence, in repeated renewed existence, in repeated destination, in repeated rebirth, in repeated re-linking, in repeated production of individual existence, not free from craving, not departed from craving, not given up craving, not relinquished craving. Not freed from craving, not abandoned craving, not released from craving - not free from craving in various states of existence.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

12.

See them trembling over what they claim as 'mine'. There are two kinds of possessiveness - possessiveness of craving and possessiveness of views. What is possessiveness of craving? Whatever is bounded, delimited, circumscribed, bordered, appropriated, and claimed as 'mine' through what is reckoned as craving. 'This is mine, that is mine, this much is mine, just this much is mine, my forms, sounds, odours, tastes, tactile objects, spreads, coverlets, male and female slaves, goats and sheep, fowl and pigs, elephants, cattle, horses and mares, fields, property, gold, money, villages, towns, royal cities, the country and provinces, the treasury and storehouses,' one claims even the whole great earth as 'mine' through craving. As far as the one hundred and eight kinds of thoughts due to craving extend, this is possessiveness of craving.

What is possessiveness of views? Identity view has twenty bases, wrong view has ten bases, and view of extremes has ten bases; whatever view of this sort is going after views, a thicket of views, a wilderness of views, a contortion of views, a vacillation of views, a fetter of views, holding, grasping, adherence, wrong grasp, wrong path, wrong way, wrongness, sectarian base, distorted holding, inverted holding, perverted holding, wrong holding, holding what is not real to be real. As far as the sixty-two kinds of views go, this is the extent of views. "See them trembling over what they claim as 'mine'" means: they tremble when suspecting loss of what they claim as 'mine', they tremble when it is being lost, they tremble when it is lost; they tremble when suspecting change in what they claim as 'mine', they tremble when it is changing, they tremble when it has changed, they shake, they quake, they vibrate, they shudder, they shiver, they quiver. See, observe, look at, contemplate, examine them thus trembling, shaking, quaking, vibrating, shuddering, shivering, quivering - see them trembling over what they claim as 'mine'.

Like fish in a pool with little water and a depleted stream. Just as fish in little water, in a small amount of water, when the water is being exhausted, being attacked by crows or hawks or herons, being picked up, being eaten, they tremble, they shake, they quake, they vibrate, they shudder, they shiver, they quiver; even so beings tremble when suspecting loss of what they claim as 'mine', they tremble when it is being lost, they tremble when it is lost; they tremble when suspecting change in what they claim as 'mine', they tremble when it is changing, they tremble when it has changed, they shake, they quake, they vibrate, they shudder, they shiver, they quiver - like fish in a pool with little water and a depleted stream.

Having seen this too, one should live without attachment. Having seen this danger, having observed, having weighed, having judged, having understood, having made clear regarding possessiveness - having seen this too. One should live without attachment means: there are two kinds of possessiveness - possessiveness of craving and possessiveness of views...etc... this is possessiveness of craving...etc... this is possessiveness of views. Having abandoned possessiveness of craving and having relinquished possessiveness of views, not being possessive of eye, not being possessive of ear, not being possessive of nose, not being possessive of tongue, not being possessive of body, not being possessive of mind, in forms... sounds... odours... tastes... tactile objects... towards the Teaching... in family... in group... in dwelling... in gain... in fame... in praise... in happiness... in robe... in almsfood... in lodging... in medicinal requisites... in sense-sphere element... in form-sphere element... in formless-sphere element... in sense-sphere existence... in form-sphere existence... in formless-sphere existence... in existence with perception... in existence without perception... in existence with neither perception nor non-perception... in existence with one aggregate... in existence with four aggregates... in existence with five aggregates... in past... in future... in present... not being possessive of things seen, heard, sensed and cognized, not grasping, not adhering, not clinging, one should live, dwell, behave, continue, guard, maintain, sustain - having seen this too, one should live without attachment.

Not forming attachment to states of existence. In states of existence means in sense-sphere existence, form-sphere existence, formless-sphere existence. Attachment is called craving. That which is lust, infatuation... etc... covetousness, greed, root of the unwholesome. Not forming attachment to states of existence. Not forming attachment to states of existence means not forming, not generating, not producing, not bringing forth desire, affection, lust, acceptance - not forming attachment to states of existence.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

13.

Having removed desire for both ends. Ends means: contact is one end, origin of contact is the second end; past is one end, future is the second end; pleasant feeling is one end, painful feeling is the second end; name is one end, form is the second end; the six internal sense bases are one end, the six external sense bases are the second end; identity is one end, origin of identity is the second end. Desire means: that which in sensual pleasures is sensual desire, lust for sensual pleasures, delight in sensual pleasures, craving for sensual pleasures, affection for sensual pleasures, passion for sensual pleasures, infatuation with sensual pleasures, clinging to sensual pleasures, flood of sensual pleasures, bondage of sensual pleasures, clinging to sensual pleasures, hindrance of sensual desire. Having removed desire for both ends means: having removed, thoroughly removed, abandoned, dispelled, terminated, obliterated desire in both ends - having removed desire for both ends.

Having fully understood contact, without greed. Contact means eye-contact, ear-contact, nose-contact, tongue-contact, body-contact, mind-contact, designation-contact, sensory impingement-contact, pleasant-feeling contact, painful-feeling contact, neither-painful-nor-pleasant-feeling contact, wholesome contact, unwholesome contact, undeclared contact, sense-sphere contact, form-sphere contact, formless-sphere contact, void contact, signless contact, undirected contact, worldly contact, supramundane contact, past contact, future contact, present contact - whatever such contact, contacting, being in contact, state of being in contact - this is called contact.

Having fully understood contact means having fully understood contact with three kinds of full understanding - full understanding of the known, full understanding of scrutiny, full understanding as abandoning. What is full understanding of the known? One understands contact: this is eye-contact, this is ear-contact, this is nose-contact, this is tongue-contact, this is body-contact, this is mind-contact, this is designation-contact, this is sensory impingement-contact, this is pleasant-feeling contact, this is painful-feeling contact, this is neither-painful-nor-pleasant-feeling contact, this is wholesome contact, this is unwholesome contact, this is undeclared contact, this is sense-sphere contact, this is form-sphere contact, this is formless-sphere contact, this is void contact, this is signless contact, this is undirected contact, this is worldly contact, this is supramundane contact, this is past contact, this is future contact, this is present contact - thus one knows and sees - this is full understanding of the known.

What is full understanding of scrutiny? Having known thus, one scrutinizes contact. One scrutinizes it as impermanent, as suffering, as a disease, as a tumour, as a dart, as misery, as an affliction, as alien, as disintegrating, as a calamity, as a disaster, as a peril, as a trouble, as shaky, as breaking up, as unstable, as no protection, as no shelter, as no refuge, as void, as hollow, as empty, as non-self, as a danger, as subject to change, as without substance, as a root of misery, as murderous, as due to be exterminated, as tainted, as conditioned, as Māra's bait, as subject to birth, aging, illness and death, as subject to sorrow, lamentation, pain, displeasure and despair, as subject to defilement, as having an origin, as subject to disappearance, as gratification, as danger, as escape - this is full understanding as scrutinization.

What is full understanding as abandoning? Having considered thus, he abandons, dispels, terminates and obliterates desire and lust for contact. For this was said by the Blessed One - "Monks, abandon whatever desire and lust there is for contacts. Thus that contact will be abandoned, cut off at the root, made like a palm stump, obliterated so that it is no longer subject to future arising" - this is full understanding as abandoning. Having fully understood contact means having fully understood contact with these three kinds of full understanding. Without greed means: Greed is called craving. That which is lust, infatuation... etc... covetousness, greed, root of the unwholesome. One in whom this greed has been abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge, he is called without greed. He is without greed for forms, without greed for sounds, without greed for odours, without greed for tastes, without greed for tactile objects, without greed for family... group... dwelling... gain... fame... praise... pleasure... robes... almsfood... lodging... medicinal requisites, without greed for the sense-sphere... form-sphere... formless-sphere... existence in the sense-sphere... existence in the form-sphere... existence in the formless-sphere... existence with perception... existence without perception... existence with neither perception nor non-perception... existence with one aggregate... existence with four aggregates... existence with five aggregates... past... future... present... in things seen, heard, sensed and cognized, without greed, not tied to it, not infatuated, not blindly absorbed, free from greed, with greed gone, having given up greed, having vomited greed, having released greed, having abandoned greed, having relinquished greed, free from lust, with lust gone, having given up lust, having vomited lust, having released lust, having abandoned lust, having relinquished lust, without hunger, quenched, become cool, experiencing pleasure, dwelling with a self become divine - having fully understood contact, without greed.

Not doing what one would blame oneself for. 'Yad' means 'what'. 'Having removed self-blame' means one blames oneself for two reasons: because of what has been done and what has not been done. How does one blame oneself because of what has been done and what has not been done? 'I have done bodily misconduct, I have not done bodily good conduct' - one blames oneself. 'I have done verbal misconduct, I have not done verbal good conduct' - one blames oneself. 'I have done mental misconduct, I have not done mental good conduct' - one blames oneself. 'I have destroyed life, I have not practised abstinence from destroying life' - one blames oneself. 'I have taken what is not given, I have not practised abstinence from taking what is not given' - one blames oneself. 'I have engaged in sexual misconduct, I have not practised abstinence from sexual misconduct' - one blames oneself. 'I have spoken falsely, I have not practised abstinence from false speech' - one blames oneself. 'I have spoken divisively, I have not practised abstinence from divisive speech' - one blames oneself. 'I have spoken harshly, I have not practised abstinence from harsh speech' - one blames oneself. 'I have engaged in idle chatter, I have not practised abstinence from idle chatter' - one blames oneself. 'I have been covetous, I have not been non-covetous' - one blames oneself. 'I have had ill will, I have not had non-ill will' - one blames oneself. 'I have held wrong view, I have not held right view' - one blames oneself. Thus one blames oneself because of what has been done and what has not been done. Or else, 'I have not fulfilled the precepts' - one blames oneself. 'I have not guarded the sense faculties' - one blames oneself. 'I have not known moderation in eating' - one blames oneself. 'I have not been devoted to wakefulness' - one blames oneself. 'I have not been endowed with mindfulness and clear comprehension' - one blames oneself. 'I have not developed the four foundations of mindfulness' - one blames oneself. 'I have not developed the four right strivings' - one blames oneself. 'I have not developed the four bases for spiritual power' - one blames oneself. 'I have not developed the five faculties' - one blames oneself. 'I have not developed the five powers' - one blames oneself. 'I have not developed the seven enlightenment factors' - one blames oneself. 'I have not developed the Noble Eightfold Path' - one blames oneself. 'I have not fully understood suffering' - one blames oneself. 'I have not abandoned the origin' - one blames oneself. 'I have not developed the path' - one blames oneself. 'I have not realized cessation' - one blames oneself. Thus one blames oneself because of what has been done and what has not been done. Thus not forming, not generating, not producing, not bringing forth actions that are self-blameworthy - 'having removed self-blame, not doing that'. 'The wise one does not cling to what is seen and heard'. Clinging means two kinds of clinging: clinging through craving and clinging through views...etc... this is clinging through craving...etc... this is clinging through views. 'Wise one' means one who is wise, possessed of wisdom, intelligent, knowledgeable, discerning, astute. The wise one, having abandoned clinging through craving and relinquished clinging through views, does not cling to what is seen, does not cling to what is heard, does not cling to what is sensed, does not cling to what is cognized, does not adhere, does not get stuck. Unattached, unadhered, unstuck, gone forth, detached, freed, released, he dwells with a mind made unlimited - thus 'the wise one does not cling to what is seen and heard'.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

14.

Having fully understood perception one would cross over the flood means: Perception means: perception of sensual pleasure, perception of ill will, perception of harmfulness, perception of renunciation, perception of non-ill will, perception of harmlessness, perception of form, perception of sound, perception of odour, perception of taste, perception of tactile object, perception of mental phenomena - whatever perception, perceiving, state of perceiving - this is called perception. Having fully understood perception means having fully understood perception with three kinds of full understanding - full understanding of the known, full understanding of scrutiny, full understanding as abandoning.

What is full understanding of the known? One knows perception - one knows and sees: 'this is perception of sensual pleasure, this is perception of ill will, this is perception of harmfulness, this is perception of renunciation, this is perception of non-ill will, this is perception of harmlessness, this is perception of form, this is perception of sound, this is perception of odour, this is perception of taste, this is perception of tactile object, this is perception of mental phenomena' - this is full understanding of the known.

What is full understanding of scrutiny? Having known thus, one scrutinizes perception. One scrutinizes it as impermanent, as suffering, as a disease, as a tumour, as a dart, as misery, as an affliction, as alien, as disintegrating, as a calamity, as a disaster, as a peril, as a trouble, as shaky, as breaking up...etc... as having an origin, as subject to disappearance, as gratification, as danger, as escape - this is full understanding as scrutinization.

What is full understanding as abandoning? Having considered thus, he abandons, dispels and obliterates desire and lust for perception. This too was said by the Blessed One - "Monks, abandon whatever desire and lust there is for perception. Thus that perception will be abandoned, cut off at the root, made like a palm stump, obliterated so that it is no longer subject to future arising" - this is full understanding as abandoning. Having fully understood perception means having fully understood perception with these three kinds of full understanding. Would cross over the flood means would cross, overcome, transcend, go beyond and surmount the flood of sensual pleasure, the flood of existence, the flood of views and the flood of ignorance - having fully understood perception one would cross over the flood.

The sage unsmeared by possessions means: Possessions are twofold - possession by craving and possession by view... etc... this is possession by craving... etc... this is possession by view. A sage. Knowledge is called sageship. That which is wisdom, understanding... etc... non-delusion, investigation-of-states, right view - one endowed with that knowledge is called a sage who has attained sageship. Three kinds of sageship - bodily sagacity, verbal sagacity, mental sagacity.

What is bodily sagacity? The abandoning of the threefold bodily misconduct is bodily sagacity, the threefold bodily good conduct is bodily sagacity, the knowledge of the bodily object is bodily sagacity, the full understanding of the body is bodily sagacity, the path accompanied by full understanding is bodily sagacity, the abandoning of desire and lust for the body is bodily sagacity, the cessation of bodily formations which is the attainment of the fourth meditation is bodily sagacity - this is bodily sagacity.

What is verbal sagacity? The abandoning of the fourfold verbal misconduct is verbal sagacity, the fourfold verbal good conduct is verbal sagacity, the knowledge of the verbal object is verbal sagacity, the full understanding of speech is verbal sagacity, the path accompanied by full understanding is verbal sagacity, the abandoning of desire and lust for speech is verbal sagacity, the cessation of verbal formations which is the attainment of the second meditation is verbal sagacity - this is verbal sagacity.

What is mental sagacity? The abandoning of the threefold mental misconduct is mental sagacity, the threefold mental good conduct is mental sagacity, the knowledge of the mental object is mental sagacity, the full understanding of mind is mental sagacity, the path accompanied by full understanding is mental sagacity, the abandoning of desire and lust in mind is mental sagacity, the cessation of mental formations which is the cessation of perception and feeling is mental sagacity - this is mental sagacity.

Endowed with these three qualities of sageship are the six types of sages - householder sages, homeless sages, trainee sages, sages beyond training, privately enlightened sages, and supreme sages. Who are the householder sages? Those householders who have seen the state and cognized the Teaching - these are the householder sages. Who are the homeless sages? Those who have gone forth who have seen the state and cognized the Teaching - these are the homeless sages. The seven trainees are the trainee sages. The Arahants are the sages beyond training. The Privately Enlightened Ones are the privately enlightened sages. The Truth Finders, Worthy Ones, Perfectly Enlightened Ones are called the supreme sages.

Stains are two stains - clinging through craving and clinging through views...etc... this is clinging through craving...etc... this is clinging through views. The sage, having abandoned clinging through craving and relinquished clinging through views, does not cling to possessions, does not adhere, does not get stuck. Unattached, unadhered, unstuck, gone forth, detached, freed, released, he dwells with a mind made unlimited - the sage unsmeared by possessions.

Having drawn out the dart, he lives diligent. 'Darts' means seven darts - the dart of lust, the dart of hatred, the dart of delusion, the dart of conceit, the dart of views, the dart of sorrow, the dart of doubt. For one in whom these darts are abandoned, cut off, calmed, stilled, unable to arise, burnt by the fire of knowledge, he is called one who has extracted the dart, removed the dart, drawn out the dart, completely drawn out the dart, pulled out the dart, completely pulled out the dart, given up the dart, vomited the dart, released the dart, abandoned the dart, relinquished the dart, without hunger, quenched, become cool, experiencing pleasure, dwelling with a self become divine - one who has extracted the dart.

'Move about' means moving, dwelling, behaving, continuing, maintaining, keeping going, making go. Diligent means one who acts carefully, acts persistently, acts without pause, whose practice is not lax, who has not abandoned desire, who has not relinquished the task in regard to wholesome states. "How should I either fulfil the unfulfilled aggregate of virtuous behaviour, or assist with wisdom here and there the fulfilled aggregate of virtuous behaviour" - the desire, effort, vigour, enthusiasm, unremittingness, mindfulness and clear comprehension, ardor, striving, decision, pursuit and diligence therein in regard to wholesome states. "How should I either fulfil the unfulfilled aggregate of concentration, or assist with wisdom here and there the fulfilled aggregate of concentration"...etc... in wholesome states. "How should I either fulfil the unfulfilled aggregate of wisdom... aggregate of liberation... aggregate of knowledge and vision of liberation, or assist with wisdom here and there the fulfilled aggregate of knowledge and vision of liberation" - the desire, effort, vigour, enthusiasm, unremittingness, mindfulness and clear comprehension, ardor, striving, decision, pursuit and diligence therein in regard to wholesome states. "How should I either fully understand suffering that is not fully understood, or abandon defilements that are not abandoned, or develop the path that is not developed, or realise cessation that is not realised" - the desire, effort, vigour, enthusiasm, unremittingness, mindfulness and clear comprehension, ardor, striving, decision, pursuit and diligence therein in regard to wholesome states - with dart removed, living diligently.

Longs not for this world or the beyond means he longs not for his own individuality in this world, longs not for another's individuality in the next world; he longs not for his own form, feeling, perception, formations and consciousness in this world, longs not for another's form, feeling, perception, formations and consciousness in the next world; he longs not for the six internal sense bases in this world, longs not for the six external sense bases in the next world; he longs not for the human world in this world, longs not for the world of deities in the next world. He longs not for the sense-sphere element in this world, longs not for the form element and formless element in the next world; he longs not for the sense-sphere element and form element in this world, longs not for the formless element in the next world. Again, he longs not for, wishes not for, delights not in, yearns not for, aspires not for destination or rebirth or re-linking or existence or the round of rebirths or the round - longs not for this world or the beyond.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

The Exposition of the Discourse on the Octet about the Cave is second.

3.

Exposition of the Discourse on the Octet about the Corrupt

Now he will speak the Exposition of the Discourse on the Octet about the Corrupt -

15.

Some speak with corrupt minds means: those sectarians with corrupt minds, antagonistic minds, hostile minds, stricken minds, counter-stricken minds, aggrieved minds, counter-aggrieved minds speak against, speak ill of the Blessed One and the Community with what is untrue - Some speak with corrupt minds.

And others speak with truthful minds means: those among the sectarians who have faith, trust, resolve, with truthful minds, perception of truth, factual minds, perception of facts, actual minds, perception of actuality, correct minds, correct perception, undistorted minds, undistorted perception, speak against, speak ill of the Blessed One and the Community with what is untrue - and others speak with truthful minds.

But the sage does not enter into a dispute that has arisen. That dispute has arisen, been produced, generated, created, manifested, an accusation from others, abuse, reproach of the Blessed One and the Community with what is untrue - a dispute that has arisen. The sage does not enter into. A sage. Knowledge is called sageship. That which is wisdom, understanding, non-delusion, investigation-of-states, right view - one endowed with that knowledge is a sage who has attained sageship...etc... that sage who has overcome the net of attachments. One who enters into a dispute does so for two reasons: as a doer, one enters into a dispute because of being a doer, or else when being accused, being reproached, one becomes annoyed, angry, stubborn, and shows anger, hatred and displeasure. 'I am not a doer' - one who enters into a dispute does so for these two reasons. A sage does not enter into a dispute for two reasons: not being a doer, a sage does not enter into a dispute because of not being a doer, or else when being accused, being reproached, one does not become annoyed, does not become angry, does not become stubborn, and does not show anger, hatred and displeasure. 'I am not a doer' - for these two reasons a sage does not enter into, does not go to, does not grasp, does not adhere to, does not cling to a dispute - but the sage does not enter into a dispute that has arisen.

Therefore the sage has no barrenness anywhere. Therefore means: for that reason, because of that cause, because of that condition, because of that source, the sage has no afflicted mind or barrenness. The five kinds of mental barrenness do not exist, the three kinds of barrenness do not exist. The barrenness of lust, the barrenness of hatred, the barrenness of delusion do not exist, are not found, are not seen, are not obtained, are abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge. Anywhere means: anywhere, in anything, somewhere, internally or externally or both internally and externally - therefore the sage has no barrenness anywhere.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

16.

How can one overcome one's own view. When those sectarians killed the female wanderer Sundarī and proclaimed dispraise of the ascetic sons of the Sakyan, thinking "Thus we will take away their gain, fame, honour and respect," they had such views, such acceptance, such personal preference, such belief, such inclination, such intention, they were unable to overcome their own view, their own acceptance, their own personal preference, their own belief, their own inclination, their own intention; then that very disgrace returned to them, thus too - how can one overcome one's own view? Or one who says 'the world is eternal, this alone is true and everything else is false', how can he overcome, transcend, completely transcend, pass beyond his own view, his own acceptance, his own personal preference, his own belief, his own inclination, his own intention? What is the reason for this? That view of his is thus complete, taken up, grasped, adhered to, settled upon, clung to, resolved upon. Thus too - how can one overcome one's own view? 'The world is not eternal...etc... The world is finite... 'The world is infinite... 'The soul is the same as the body... 'The soul is one thing and the body another... 'The Truth Finder exists after death... 'The Truth Finder does not exist after death... 'The Truth Finder both exists and does not exist after death... The Truth Finder neither exists nor does not exist after death, this alone is true and everything else is false', one who says thus, how can he overcome, transcend, completely transcend, pass beyond his own view, his own acceptance, his own personal preference, his own belief, his own inclination, his own intention? What is the reason for this? That view of his is thus complete, taken up, grasped, adhered to, settled upon, clung to, resolved upon. Thus too - how can one overcome one's own view?

Led by desire, established in personal preference. Led by desire means: one is moved, led, carried, conveyed by one's own view, by one's own conviction, by one's own personal preference, by one's own belief. Just as one is moved, led, carried, conveyed by an elephant vehicle, or horse vehicle, or chariot vehicle, or ox vehicle, or goat vehicle, or ram vehicle, or camel vehicle, or donkey vehicle, even so one is moved, led, carried, conveyed by one's own view, by one's own conviction, by one's own personal preference, by one's own belief - led by desire. Established in personal preference means: established, supported, attached, approached, clung to, disposed to one's own view, one's own personal preference, one's own belief - led by desire, established in personal preference.

Doing things by oneself completely means: One makes it complete by oneself, makes it perfect, makes it excellent, makes it foremost, best, distinguished, supreme, highest, and superior. "This Teacher is omniscient" - one makes it complete by oneself, makes it perfect, makes it excellent, makes it foremost, best, distinguished, supreme, highest, and superior. "This Teaching is well-expounded...etc... this Community is practising well... this view is excellent... this way is well-described... this path is leading out" - one makes it complete by oneself, makes it perfect, makes it excellent, makes it foremost, best, distinguished, supreme, highest, and superior, produces, brings forth, generates, creates - doing things by oneself completely.

One would speak just as one would know means: as one would know, so one would speak, tell, say, explain, express. 'The world is eternal, this alone is true and everything else is false' - as one would know, so one would speak, tell, say, explain, express. 'The world is not eternal...etc... 'The Truth Finder neither exists nor does not exist after death, this alone is true and everything else is false' - as one would know, so one would speak, tell, say, explain, express. One would speak just as one would know.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

17.

A being who of one's own virtuous behaviour and vows means: "One": whoever he may be, of whatever sort, of whatever position, of whatever status, of whatever kind, having reached whatever station, endowed with whatever qualities - whether noble, brahmin, merchant, or worker, whether householder or one gone forth, whether deity or human being. "Virtues and vows": there is both virtue and vow, there is vow but not virtue. What is both virtue and vow? Here, a monk is virtuous, dwells restrained by the restraint of the code of monastic rules, possessed of proper conduct and resort, seeing danger in the slightest faults, trains in the training rules he has undertaken. Whatever restraint, control, non-transgression there is in this, this is virtue. Whatever undertaking there is, that is vow. In the sense of restraint it is virtue; in the sense of undertaking it is vow - this is called both virtue and vow. What is vow but not virtue? The eight ascetic practices - the practice of dwelling in the forest, the practice of living on almsfood, the practice of wearing rag-robes, the practice of using only three robes, the practice of going on alms round without skipping houses, the practice of not eating after the meal, the practice of sitting, the practice of using any lodging - this is called vow but not virtue. The undertaking of energy is also called vow but not virtue. 'Let only skin, sinews and bones remain, let the flesh and blood dry up in the body. There will be no stopping of energy until what can be achieved by human strength, human power, human energy, human exertion is achieved' - one uplifts the mind and strives. Such undertaking of energy - this is called vow but not virtue.

one uplifts the mind and strives. This kind of undertaking of energy is also called vow but not virtue. "I will not break this cross-legged position until my mind is liberated from the taints without clinging" - one uplifts the mind and strives. This kind of undertaking of energy is also called vow but not virtue. "I will not rise from this seat, descend from the walking path, leave the dwelling, leave the gabled house, leave the mansion, leave the upper storey, leave the cave, leave the grotto, leave the hut, leave the peaked house, leave the attic, leave the hall, leave the pavilion, leave the attendance hall, leave the pavilion, leave the root of the tree until my mind is liberated from the taints without clinging" - one uplifts the mind and strives. This kind of undertaking of energy is also called vow but not virtue. "In this very morning I will bring forth, attain, reach, contact, and realize the noble Teaching" - one uplifts the mind and strives. This kind of undertaking of energy is also called vow but not virtue. "In this very noon time, evening time, before the meal, after the meal, first watch, middle watch, last watch, dark fortnight, bright fortnight, rainy season, winter, summer, first stage of life, middle stage of life, last stage of life, I will bring forth, attain, reach, contact, and realize the noble Teaching" - one uplifts the mind and strives. This kind of undertaking of energy is also called vow but not virtue. Being means: a being, a man, a person, a human, an individual, a soul, a person, a being, a person, a human - a being who of one's own virtuous behaviour and vows.

Without being asked, tells others. Of others means: of other nobles, brahmins, merchants, workers, householders, renunciates, deities and human beings. Without being asked means: not asked, not questioned, not requested, not invited, not encouraged. Tells means: one tells of one's own virtue, or vow, or rules and vows. "I am accomplished in virtue," or "accomplished in vows," or "accomplished in rules and vows," or by birth, or by clan, or by being a son of a good family, or by beauty of appearance, or by wealth, or by learning, or by sphere of work, or by sphere of craft, or by branch of knowledge, or by learning, or by ingenuity, or by some other ground, or "I am one gone forth from a high family," or "I am one gone forth from a great family," or "I am one gone forth from a wealthy family," or "I am one gone forth from an illustrious wealthy family," or "I am well-known and famous among householders and renunciates," or "I am one who gains robes, almsfood, lodgings and medicinal requisites," or "I am an expert in the discourses," or "I am an expert in the discipline," or "I am a speaker on the Teaching," or "I am a forest-dweller," or "I am one who lives on almsfood," or "I am a wearer of rag-robes," or "I am a wearer of three robes," or "I am one who goes on uninterrupted almsround," or "I am one who eats one meal," or "I am one who practices the sitting meditation," or "I am one who sleeps wherever I lay my mat," or "I am one who gains the first meditation," or "I am one who gains the second meditation," or "I am one who gains the third meditation," or "I am one who gains the fourth meditation," or "I am one who gains the attainment of the base of infinite space," or "I am one who gains the attainment of the base of infinite consciousness," or "I am one who gains the attainment of the base of nothingness," or "I am one who gains the attainment of neither-perception-nor-non-perception" - thus one tells, speaks, utters, explains, expresses - without being asked one tells of oneself to others.

The wise say this is not a noble Teaching. Skilled means those who are skilled in aggregates, skilled in elements, skilled in sense bases, skilled in dependent origination, skilled in foundations of mindfulness, skilled in right strivings, skilled in bases for spiritual power, skilled in faculties, skilled in powers, skilled in enlightenment factors, skilled in the path, skilled in fruition, skilled in Nibbāna, those skilled ones said thus - "This is the Teaching of the ignoble, this is not the Teaching of the noble; This is the Teaching of fools, this is not the Teaching of the wise; This is the Teaching of bad persons, this is not the Teaching of good persons." They said thus, spoke thus, declared thus, explained thus, expressed thus - The wise say this is not a noble Teaching,

That one tells of oneself by oneself. Self is called oneself. One proclaims oneself means one proclaims oneself - "I am accomplished in virtue," or "accomplished in vows," or "accomplished in rules and vows," or by birth, or by clan, or by being a son of a good family, or by beauty of appearance, or by wealth, or by learning, or by sphere of work, or by sphere of craft, or by branch of knowledge, or by learning, or by ingenuity, or by some other ground, or "I am one gone forth from a high family," or "I am one gone forth from a great family," or "I am one gone forth from a wealthy family," or "I am one gone forth from an illustrious wealthy family," or "I am well-known and famous among householders and renunciates," or "I am one who gains robes, almsfood, lodgings and medicinal requisites," or "I am an expert in the discourses," or "I am an expert in the discipline," or "I am a speaker on the Teaching," or "I am a forest-dweller," or "I am one who lives on almsfood," or "I am a wearer of rag-robes," or "I am a wearer of three robes," or "I am one who goes on uninterrupted almsround," or "I am one who eats one meal," or "I am one who practices the sitting meditation," or "I am one who sleeps wherever I lay my mat," or "I am one who gains the first meditation," or "I am one who gains the second meditation," or "I am one who gains the third meditation," or "I am one who gains the fourth meditation," or "I am one who gains the attainment of the base of infinite space," or "I am one who gains the attainment of the base of infinite consciousness," or

Having abandoned both non-being and being, that monk has lived the life and destroyed renewed existence.

"I am one who gains the attainment of the base of nothingness," or "I am one who gains the attainment of neither-perception-nor-non-perception" - thus one tells, speaks, utters, explains, expresses - That one tells of oneself by oneself.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

18.

And a peaceful monk with a quenched self. Peaceful means peaceful due to the stilling of lust, peaceful due to the stilling of hatred, peaceful due to the stilling of delusion, of anger...etc... of resentment... of contempt... of insolence... of envy... of selfishness... of deceit... of fraud... of obstinacy... of rivalry... of conceit... of arrogance... of vanity... of negligence... of all defilements... of all misconduct... of all disturbance... of all passion... of all torments... peaceful, at peace, fully peaceful, quenched, stilled, gone, tranquillized due to the stilling, calming, subsiding, extinction, quenching, disappearance, tranquillization of all unwholesome volitional formations - peaceful. A monk means one who has broken seven things - identity view is broken, doubt is broken, adherence to rules and observances is broken, lust is broken, hatred is broken, delusion is broken, conceit is broken. Evil unwholesome states that are defiling, leading to renewed existence, troublesome, resulting in suffering, leading to birth, aging and death in the future are broken in him.

And a peaceful monk with a quenched self means: with a quenched self due to the quenching of lust, with a quenched self due to the quenching of hatred, with a quenched self due to the quenching of delusion, of anger...etc... of resentment... of contempt... of insolence... of envy... of selfishness... of deceit... of fraud... of obstinacy... of rivalry... of conceit... of arrogance... of vanity... of negligence... of all defilements... of all misconduct... of all disturbance... of all passion... of all torments... with a quenched self due to the quenching of all unwholesome volitional formations - and a peaceful monk with a quenched self.

Not boasting about his virtuous behaviour thus. Thus is the connection of terms, the bonding of terms, the fulfilment of terms, the combination of syllables, the smoothness of phrasing, the progressive sequence - thus. Not boasting about virtuous behaviour. Here someone is boastful and brags. He boasts and brags. "I am accomplished in virtue," or "accomplished in vows," or "accomplished in rules and vows," or by birth, or by clan, or by being a son of a good family, or by beauty of appearance...etc... or "I am one who gains the attainment of neither-perception-nor-non-perception" - he boasts and brags. Thus he does not boast, does not brag. Aloof from boasting, abstained, refrained, gone forth, detached, freed, released, he dwells with a mind made unlimited - thus not boasting about virtuous behaviour.

The wise call that noble Teaching. Skilled means those who are skilled in aggregates, skilled in elements, skilled in sense bases, skilled in dependent origination, skilled in foundations of mindfulness, skilled in right strivings, skilled in bases for spiritual power, skilled in faculties, skilled in powers, skilled in enlightenment factors, skilled in the path, skilled in fruition, skilled in Nibbāna, those skilled ones say thus - "This is the Teaching of the noble ones, this is not the Teaching of the ignoble ones; This is the Teaching of the wise, this is not the Teaching of fools; This is the Teaching of good persons, this is not the Teaching of bad persons." They say thus, speak thus, declare thus, explain thus, express thus - the wise call that noble Teaching.

For whom there are no swellings anywhere in the world. For whom means: for the Worthy One with taints destroyed. Swellings means: seven swellings - swelling of lust, swelling of hatred, swelling of delusion, swelling of conceit, swelling of views, swelling of defilements, swelling of actions. For whom these swellings do not exist, are not found, are not seen, are not obtained, are abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge. Anywhere means: anywhere, in anything, somewhere, internally or externally or both internally and externally. World: the world of misery, the human world, the world of deities, the world of aggregates, the world of elements, the world of bases - for whom there are no swellings anywhere in the world.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

19.

For whom phenomena are fabricated, conditioned. Fabrications are two fabrications - fabrication of craving and fabrication of views... etc... this is fabrication of craving... etc... this is fabrication of views. Conditioned means conditioned, fully conditioned, established also - conditioned. Or else impermanent, conditioned, dependently arisen, subject to destruction, subject to vanishing, subject to fading away, subject to cessation also - conditioned. For whom means for one who holds views. Phenomena means the sixty-two kinds of views - for whom phenomena are fabricated, conditioned.

Put in front, they exist, impure. "Put in front" means two kinds of putting in front - putting craving in front and putting view in front...etc... this is putting craving in front...etc... this is putting view in front. For him putting craving in front is not abandoned, putting view in front is not relinquished. Due to his putting craving in front being not abandoned, putting view in front being not relinquished, he lives having put either craving or view in front, with craving as his banner, craving as his flag, craving as his authority, with view as his banner, view as his flag, view as his authority, he lives surrounded by either craving or view - put in front. "Are" means are, exist, are found, are obtained. "Impure" means not bright, not clean, not pure, defiled, defiling - put in front, are impure.

Whatever benefit one sees in oneself. 'What in self' means what is in self. 'Self' is called a view. One sees two benefits in the view of self - the benefit pertaining to the present life and the benefit pertaining to the future life. What is the benefit pertaining to the present life in the view? When the Teacher has a certain view, the disciples have that same view. The disciples honour, respect, esteem, worship and venerate the Teacher who has that view. And on that account one gains robes, almsfood, lodging and medicinal requisites - this is the benefit pertaining to the present life in the view. What is the benefit pertaining to the future life in the view? This view is sufficient for becoming a dragon, or a supanna, or a spirit, or a titan, or a gandhabba, or a great king, or Inda, or a brahmā, or a deity. This view is for purity, purification, complete purification, for freedom, liberation, complete liberation. By this view they are purified, completely purified, thoroughly purified, freed, liberated, completely liberated. 'By this view I will be purified, completely purified, thoroughly purified, I will be freed, liberated, completely liberated' - thus one expects future fruit - this is the benefit pertaining to the future life in the view. One sees, observes, looks at, contemplates and examines these two benefits in the view of self - when one sees benefit in self.

Dependent on that, one's peace is dependent and shakeable. Three kinds of peace - ultimate peace, provisional peace, and conventional peace. What is ultimate peace? Ultimate peace is called the Deathless, Nibbāna. That which is the stilling of all formations, the relinquishment of all acquisitions, the destruction of craving, dispassion, cessation, Nibbāna. This is ultimate peace. What is provisional peace? For one who has attained the first meditative absorption, the hindrances are peaceful; for one who has attained the second meditative absorption, thought and examination are peaceful; for one who has attained the third meditative absorption, rapture is peaceful; for one who has attained the fourth meditative absorption, pleasure and pain are peaceful; for one who has attained the base of the infinity of space, perception of form, perception of sensory impingement, and perception of diversity are peaceful; for one who has attained the base of the infinity of consciousness, perception of the base of the infinity of space is peaceful; for one who has attained the base of nothingness, perception of the base of the infinity of consciousness is peaceful; for one who has attained the base of neither-perception-nor-non-perception, perception of the base of nothingness is peaceful. This is provisional peace. What is conventional peace? Conventional peace refers to the sixty-two views, peace through views. However, conventional peace is meant here in the sense of peace. Dependent on that, one's peace is dependent and shakeable. Peace that is shakeable, thoroughly shakeable, stirred, thoroughly stirred, moved, disturbed, constructed, thoroughly constructed, impermanent, conditioned, dependently arisen, subject to destruction, subject to vanishing, subject to fading away, subject to cessation - that peace one is dependent on, based upon, attached to, approached, clung to, disposed to - dependent on that, one's peace is dependent and shakeable.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

20.

Views and inclinations are not easily overcome. Views and inclinations means adherence and grasping through holding 'the world is eternal, this alone is true and everything else is false.' 'The world is not eternal...etc... The world is finite... The world is infinite... 'The soul is the same as the body... 'The soul is one thing and the body another... 'The Truth Finder exists after death... 'The Truth Finder does not exist after death... 'The Truth Finder both exists and does not exist after death... The Truth Finder neither exists nor does not exist after death, this alone is true and everything else is false' - adherence and grasping through holding views. Views and inclinations are not easily overcome means views and inclinations are not easily overcome, hard to overcome, hard to cross over, very hard to cross over, hard to transcend, hard to turn back from - views and inclinations are not easily overcome.

Having grasped what is decided among mind-objects. In mind-objects means: in the sixty-two views. Having decided means: having determined, having judged, having investigated, having thoroughly investigated, having weighed, having considered, having understood, having made clear. Grasped means: in inclinations, taking hold, seizing, grasping the best, grasping portions, grasping accumulations, grasping collections. This is taken, adhered to, inclined to, entered upon, attached to, resolved upon as true, actual, real, what has come to be, factual, not inverted - having grasped what is decided among mind-objects.

Therefore a person among these inclinations. Therefore means: for that reason, because of that cause, because of that condition, because of that source. A 'person' means a being, a man, a person, a human, an individual, a soul, a person, a being, a person, a human. Among these inclinations means: among these views and inclinations - therefore a person among these inclinations.

Rejects and takes up the Teaching. Rejects: one rejects for two reasons - one rejects through the disparagement of others, or one rejects through inability to attain. How does one reject through the disparagement of others? Others disparage: 'That teacher is not omniscient, the Teaching is not well-proclaimed, the group is not practising well, the view is not good, the way is not well-described, the path is not leading out, there is neither purity nor purification nor complete purification nor freedom nor liberation nor complete liberation here, they neither become pure nor purified nor completely purified nor freed nor liberated nor completely liberated here, they are low, inferior, mean, base, worthless, limited' - thus others disparage. Being disparaged thus, one rejects the teacher, rejects the exposition of the Teaching, rejects the group, rejects the view, rejects the way, rejects the path. Thus one rejects through the disparagement of others. How does one reject through inability to attain? Being unable to attain virtue one rejects virtue, being unable to attain the vow one rejects the vow, being unable to attain rules and vows one rejects rules and vows. Thus one rejects through inability to attain. And takes up the Teaching: one grasps the teacher, grasps the exposition of the Teaching, grasps the group, grasps the view, grasps the way, grasps the path, adheres to it, clings to it - rejects and takes up the Teaching.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

21.

For the one who is cleansed there is nowhere in the world any contrived view about various states of existence. The cleansed one. Cleansed means wisdom - That which is wisdom, understanding, investigation, full investigation, investigation-of-states, observation, noting, repeated noting, sagacity, skillfulness, discrimination, analysis, reflection, close examination, breadth of wisdom, intelligence, guidance, insight, clear comprehension, a goad, wisdom, faculty of wisdom, power of wisdom, sword of wisdom, tower of wisdom, light of wisdom, radiance of wisdom, lamp of wisdom, jewel of wisdom, non-delusion, investigation-of-states, right view. Why is wisdom called cleansed? By that wisdom bodily misconduct is shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified; verbal misconduct... mental misconduct is shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified; lust is shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified; hatred... etc... delusion... anger... resentment... contempt... insolence is shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified; envy is shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified; selfishness is shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified; deceit is shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified; fraud is shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified; obstinacy is shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified; rivalry... conceit... arrogance... vanity... negligence is shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified; all defilements, all misconduct, all anguish, all passion, all disturbance, all unwholesome volitional formations are shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified. For this reason wisdom is called cleansed.

Or else by right view wrong view is shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified; by right intention wrong intention is shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified; by right speech wrong speech is shaken off, washed... etc... by right action wrong action is shaken off... by right livelihood wrong livelihood is shaken off... by right effort wrong effort is shaken off... by right mindfulness wrong mindfulness is shaken off... by right concentration wrong concentration is shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified; by right knowledge wrong knowledge is shaken off... by right liberation wrong liberation is shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified.

Or else by the noble eightfold path all defilements, all misconduct, all anguish, all passion, all disturbance, all unwholesome volitional formations are shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified. An arahant is possessed, fully possessed, attained, fully attained, entered upon, fully entered upon, endowed with these qualities to be washed away; therefore an arahant is one who is washed. He has washed away lust, washed away evil, washed away defilements, washed away passion - one who is washed. Anywhere means: anywhere, in anything, somewhere, internally or externally or both internally and externally. "In the world" means in the world of planes of misery... etc... in the world of sense bases.

Concocted means two kinds of concoction - fabrication of craving and fabrication of views... etc... this is fabrication of craving... etc... this is fabrication of views. In various states of existence: in various states of existence, in states of action, in renewed existence, in sense-sphere existence, in states of action, in sense-sphere existence, in renewed existence, in form-sphere existence, in states of action, in form-sphere existence, in renewed existence, in formless-sphere existence, in states of action, in formless-sphere existence, in renewed existence, in repeated existence, in repeated destination, in repeated rebirth, in repeated re-linking, in repeated production of individual existence. For the one who is cleansed there is nowhere in the world any contrived view about various states of existence means: for the one who is cleansed, anywhere in the world, regarding various states of existence, any view that is contrived, fabricated, conditioned, established does not exist, is not found, is not seen, is not obtained, is abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge - for the one who is cleansed there is nowhere in the world any contrived view about various states of existence.

Having abandoned deceit and conceit, the cleansed one. Magic is called deceitful conduct. Here someone, having engaged in bodily misconduct, having engaged in verbal misconduct, having engaged in mental misconduct, for the sake of concealing it forms an evil wish - He wishes "may they not know me," he intends "may they not know me," he speaks "may they not know me," he makes bodily exertion "may they not know me." Whatever magic, deceitfulness, trickery, deception, fraud, misleading, evasion, concealment, covering up, hiding, obscuring, non-disclosure, non-revelation, disguising, evil-doing of such a kind, this is called magic.

Conceit in one way - which is the elevation of mind. Conceit is twofold: conceit of self-exaltation, conceit of disparaging others. Conceit is threefold: the conceit 'I am better', the conceit 'I am equal', the conceit 'I am inferior'. Conceit is fourfold: one generates conceit through gain, one generates conceit through fame, one generates conceit through praise, one generates conceit through pleasure. Conceit is fivefold: 'I gain agreeable forms' - thus one generates conceit, 'I gain agreeable sounds'...etc... in odours... in tastes... 'in tactile objects' - thus one generates conceit. Conceit is sixfold: one generates conceit due to eye perfection, due to ear perfection... due to nose perfection... due to tongue perfection... due to body perfection... one generates conceit due to mind perfection. Conceit is sevenfold: conceit, arrogance, excessive conceit, inferiority complex, overestimation, the conceit "I am", wrong conceit. Conceit is eightfold: one generates conceit through gain, one generates inferiority complex through lack of gain, one generates conceit through fame, one generates inferiority complex through lack of fame, one generates conceit through praise, one generates inferiority complex through blame, one generates conceit through pleasure, one generates inferiority complex through pain. Conceit is ninefold: in one better than oneself the conceit 'I am better', in one better than oneself the conceit 'I am equal', in one better than oneself the conceit 'I am inferior', in one equal to oneself the conceit 'I am better', in one equal to oneself the conceit 'I am equal', in one equal to oneself the conceit 'I am inferior', in one inferior to oneself the conceit 'I am better', in one inferior to oneself the conceit 'I am equal', in one inferior to oneself the conceit 'I am inferior'. Conceit is tenfold: here someone generates conceit by birth, or by clan, or by being a son of a good family, or by beauty of appearance, or by wealth, or by learning, or by sphere of work, or by sphere of craft, or by branch of knowledge, or by learning, or by ingenuity, or by some other ground. Whatever conceit of such a kind, conceiving, state of conceiving, elevation, state of elevation, flag, assumption, desire for a banner of the mind - this is called conceit. Having abandoned deceit and conceit, the cleansed one. The cleansed one, having abandoned, given up, dispelled, terminated and obliterated deceit and conceit - having abandoned deceit and conceit, the cleansed one.

Being unattracted, by what would he be led? Engagement: there are two kinds of engagement - engagement through craving and engagement through views... etc... this is engagement through craving... etc... this is engagement through views. In him engagement through craving is abandoned, engagement through views is relinquished. Since engagement through craving is abandoned and engagement through views is relinquished, by what lust would the unattracted individual be led, by what hatred would he be led, by what delusion would he be led, by what conceit would he be led, by what view would he be led, by what restlessness would he be led, by what doubt would he be led, by what underlying tendencies would he be led - as one who is lustful or full of hate or deluded or imprisoned or grasped or distracted or not arrived at the goal or obstinate. Those volitional formations are abandoned. Since the volitional formations are abandoned, to what destinations would he go - as one in hell or in the animal realm or in the domain of ghosts or as a human being or a deity or as one having form or formless or percipient or non-percipient or neither percipient nor non-percipient. There is no cause, no condition, no reason by which he would go - being unattracted, by what would he be led?

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

22.

For one who is attracted forms assertions about mind-objects. Engagement: there are two kinds of engagement - engagement through craving and engagement through views... etc... this is engagement through craving... etc... this is engagement through views. His engagement through craving is not abandoned, engagement through views is not relinquished. Due to not having abandoned engagement through craving, due to not having relinquished engagement through views, one forms assertions about mind-objects - as one who is lustful or full of hate or deluded or imprisoned or grasped or distracted or not arrived at the goal or obstinate. Those volitional formations are not abandoned. Due to not having abandoned volitional formations, one forms assertions about destinations. one forms assertions, approaches, grasps, adheres to, clings to the view of being one in hell or in the animal realm or in the domain of ghosts or as a human being or a deity or as one having form or formless or percipient or non-percipient or neither percipient nor non-percipient - for one who is attracted forms assertions about mind-objects.

How and by what would one speak of the unattracted? Engagement: there are two kinds of engagement - engagement through craving and engagement through views... etc... this is engagement through craving... etc... this is engagement through views. In him engagement through craving is abandoned, engagement through views is relinquished. Since engagement through craving is abandoned and engagement through views is relinquished, by what lust would one speak of the unattracted individual, by what hatred would one speak of him, by what delusion would one speak of him, by what conceit would one speak of him, by what view would one speak of him, by what restlessness would one speak of him, by what doubt would one speak of him, by what underlying tendencies would one speak of him - as one who is lustful or full of hate or deluded or imprisoned or grasped or distracted or not arrived at the goal or obstinate. Those volitional formations are abandoned. Since the volitional formations are abandoned, by what would one speak of destinations - as one bound for hell or... etc... or as one having neither perception nor non-perception. There is no cause, no condition, no reason by which one would speak, tell, say, explain, express - how and by what would one speak of the unattracted.

For him there is neither self nor non-self. There is no view of self as 'self'. There is no view of annihilation as 'non-self'. There is nothing grasped as 'self'. There is nothing to be released as 'non-self'. For one who has something grasped, there is something to be released; for one who has something to be released, there is something grasped. The arahant has transcended both grasping and releasing, gone beyond decline in enlightenment. He has lived the life, fulfilled his conduct, completed the journey, finished the course, the round of birth and death, for him there is no renewed existence - for him there is neither self nor non-self.

'Here itself he has shaken off all views' means his sixty-two views are abandoned, eliminated, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt up by the fire of knowledge. He shook off, scattered, dispersed, abandoned, dispelled, put an end to, and obliterated all views here itself - here itself he has shaken off all views.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

The third, the Exposition of the Discourse on the Octet about the Corrupt.

4.

Exposition of the Discourse on the Octet about Purity

Now he will speak the Exposition of the Discourse on the Octet about Purity -

23.

I see what is pure, supreme, and healthy means: I see what is pure means: I see what is pure, I behold what is pure, I look at what is pure, I meditate on what is pure, I examine what is pure. Supreme and healthy means: having attained supreme health, having attained protection, having attained shelter, having attained refuge, having attained fearlessness, having attained the Deathless, having attained Nibbāna - I see what is pure, supreme, and healthy.

Through vision comes purification of a person means: Through eye-consciousness seeing forms comes a person's purity, purification, complete purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation; a person becomes pure, purified, completely purified, freed, liberated, completely liberated - through vision comes purification of a person.

Having known thus and understood this as supreme means: Thus directly knowing, knowing, cognizing, understanding, penetrating. Having known, understood, weighed, judged, understood, made clear that "This is supreme, foremost, best, distinguished, supreme, highest, superior" - having known thus and understood this as supreme.

One reverts to the knowledge: 'I am a contemplator of purity' means: One who sees purity is a contemplator of purity, reverts to knowledge means: eye-consciousness through seeing form is knowledge, reverts to it as a path, reverts to it as a way, reverts to it as an escape - a contemplator of purity reverts to knowledge.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

24.

If through vision comes purification of a person. If through eye-consciousness seeing forms comes a person's purity, purification, complete purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation; a person becomes pure, purified, completely purified, freed, liberated, completely liberated - if through vision comes purification of a person.

Or through knowledge he abandons suffering means: if through eye-consciousness seeing forms a person abandons the suffering of birth, abandons the suffering of aging, abandons the suffering of illness, abandons the suffering of death, abandons the suffering of sorrow, lamentation, pain, displeasure, and despair - or through knowledge he abandons suffering.

One with attachments is purified through something else. Through another impure path, wrong practice, path that does not lead out, apart from the establishments of mindfulness, apart from the right strivings, apart from the bases for spiritual power, apart from the faculties, apart from the powers, apart from the enlightenment factors, apart from the Noble Eightfold Path, a person becomes pure, purified, completely purified, freed, liberated, completely liberated. One with attachments means: one with lust, with hatred, with delusion, with conceit, with craving, with views, with defilements, with clinging - one with attachments is purified through something else.

For such is the view that leads him to speak thus. That very view leads that person - thus this person has wrong view, with distorted vision. Speaking thus means speaking, telling, saying, explaining, expressing thus. 'The world is eternal, this alone is true and everything else is false' - speaking, telling, saying, explaining, expressing thus. 'The world is not eternal...etc... The world is finite... 'The world is infinite... 'The soul is the same as the body... 'The soul is one thing and the body another... 'The Truth Finder exists after death... 'The Truth Finder does not exist after death... 'The Truth Finder both exists and does not exist after death... 'The Truth Finder neither exists nor does not exist after death, this alone is true and everything else is false' - speaking, telling, saying, explaining, expressing thus - For such is the view that leads him to speak thus.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

25.

A brahmin does not speak of purification through something else, whether through vision, learning, virtuous behaviour, or what is sensed. Inclination is rejection. A brahmin is one who has eliminated seven things - identity view is eliminated, doubt is eliminated, adherence to rules and observances is eliminated, lust is eliminated, hatred is eliminated, delusion is eliminated, conceit is eliminated. Evil unwholesome states that are defiling, leading to renewed existence, troublesome, resulting in suffering, leading to birth, aging and death in the future are eliminated in him.

A brahmin does not speak of purification through something else. A brahmin does not speak, talk, say, explain, or express purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation through another impure path, wrong practice, path that does not lead out, apart from the establishments of mindfulness, apart from the right strivings, apart from the bases for spiritual power, apart from the faculties, apart from the powers, apart from the enlightenment factors, apart from the Noble Eightfold Path - a brahmin does not speak of purification through something else.

whether through vision, learning, virtuous behaviour, or what is sensed. There are some ascetics and brahmins who believe in purification through vision. They regard seeing certain forms as auspicious, and seeing certain forms as inauspicious. Which forms do they regard seeing as auspicious? Rising at dawn, they see forms considered highly auspicious - they see a mynah bird, they see a bamboo rod used for carrying, they see a pregnant woman, they see a child being carried on shoulders, they see a full water pot, they see a red fish, they see a thoroughbred horse, they see a thoroughbred chariot, they see a bull, they see a brown cow. They regard seeing such forms as auspicious. Which forms do they regard seeing as inauspicious? They see a heap of straw, they see a pot of buttermilk, they see an empty pot, they see a dancer, they see a naked ascetic, they see a donkey, they see a donkey cart, they see a cart yoked with one animal, they see a one-eyed person, they see a deformed person, they see a lame person, they see a paralyzed person, they see an aged person, they see a sick person. They regard seeing such forms as inauspicious. These are the ascetics and brahmins who believe in purification through vision. They regard vision as bringing about purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation.

There are some ascetics and brahmins who believe in purification through hearing. They regard hearing certain sounds as auspicious, and hearing certain sounds as inauspicious. Which sounds do they regard hearing as auspicious? Rising at dawn, they hear sounds considered highly auspicious - 'prosperity' or 'prospering' or 'fullness' or 'touching' or 'sorrowless' or 'glad-minded' or 'good constellation' or 'good fortune' or 'glory' or 'increasing glory'. They regard hearing such sounds as auspicious. Which sounds do they regard hearing as inauspicious? 'One-eyed' or 'hunchbacked' or 'lame' or 'paralyzed' or 'aged' or 'sick' or 'dead' or 'cut' or 'broken' or 'burnt' or 'destroyed' or 'is not'. They regard hearing such sounds as inauspicious. These are the ascetics and brahmins who believe in purification through hearing. They regard hearing as bringing about purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation.

There are some ascetics and brahmins who believe in purification through virtuous behaviour. They regard mere virtuous behaviour, mere self-control, mere restraint, mere non-transgression as bringing about purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation. Samaṇamuṇḍikā's son says thus: "Householder, I declare that when a person is endowed with four qualities, they are accomplished in what is wholesome, supremely wholesome, have attained the ultimate attainment, and are an invincible ascetic. With which four? Here, householder, one does not do evil actions with the body, does not speak evil speech, does not have evil intentions, does not live an evil livelihood. Householder, I declare that when a person is endowed with these four qualities, they are accomplished in what is wholesome, supremely wholesome, have attained the ultimate attainment, and are an invincible ascetic." Even so, there are some ascetics and brahmins who believe in purification through virtuous behaviour; they regard mere virtuous behaviour, mere self-control, mere restraint, mere non-transgression as bringing about purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation.

There are some ascetics and brahmins who believe in purification through vows. They take vows regarding elephants, or horses, or cattle, or dogs, or crows, or Vāsudeva, or Baladeva, or Puṇṇabhadda, or Maṇibhadda, or fire, or dragons, or divine birds, or spirits, or titans, or gandhabbas, or great kings, or the moon, or the sun, or Inda, or Brahmā, or deities, or the directions. These are the ascetics and brahmins who believe in purification through vows. They regard vows as bringing about purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation.

There are some ascetics and brahmins who believe in purification through what is sensed. Having risen at the proper time, they touch the earth, touch green grass, touch cow dung, touch a tortoise, step on a plough, touch a basket of sesame, eat lucky sesame, anoint themselves with lucky oil, chew lucky tooth-sticks, bathe with lucky clay, wear lucky garments, wrap themselves with lucky turbans. These are the ascetics and brahmins who believe in purification through what is sensed. They regard what is sensed as bringing about purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation. A brahmin does not speak of purification through something else,

whether through vision, learning, virtuous behaviour, or what is sensed. A brahmin does not speak, talk, say, explain, or express purification through vision-purification, through learning-purification, through virtue-purification, through vow-purification, through sense-purification - a brahmin does not speak of purification through something else, whether through vision, learning, virtuous behaviour, or what is sensed.

Not clinging to merit and evil. Merit is called whatever wholesome volitional formation of the three realms, demerit is called all that is unwholesome. When meritorious volitional formation and demeritorious volitional formation and imperturbable volitional formation are abandoned, cut off at the root, made like a palm stump, obliterated so that they are no longer subject to future arising; to that extent one does not cling to merit and evil, does not adhere, does not get stuck, unattached, unadhered, unstuck, gone forth, detached, freed, released, dwelling with a mind made unlimited - not clinging to merit and evil.

Giving up self, not creating anything here. Giving up self means giving up identity view. Giving up self means giving up grasping. Giving up self means whatever is taken, adhered to, inclined to, entered upon, attached to, resolved upon through craving and through views, all that is abandoned, vomited, released, given up, relinquished. Not creating anything here means not forming, not generating, not producing, not bringing forth meritorious volitional formations, or demeritorious volitional formations, or imperturbable volitional formations - giving up self, not creating anything here.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

26.

Having abandoned the former they depend on another means: Having abandoned the former teacher they are dependent on another teacher; having abandoned the former teaching they are dependent on another teaching; having abandoned the former group they are dependent on another group; having abandoned the former view they are dependent on another view; having abandoned the former practice they are dependent on another practice; having abandoned the former path they are dependent, thoroughly dependent, adhered to, gone to, consumed by, disposed to another path - having abandoned the former they depend on another.

Following stirring they do not cross over attachment means: Stirring is called craving. That which is lust, infatuation... etc... covetousness, greed, root of the unwholesome. Following stirring means following, pursuing, going after, being bent on, fallen into, given to, overcome by, with a mind possessed by stirring. They do not cross over attachment means: they do not cross, do not cross over, do not transcend, do not overcome, do not get past the attachment of lust, the attachment of hatred, the attachment of delusion, the attachment of conceit, the attachment of views, the attachment of defilements, the attachment of misconduct - following stirring they do not cross over attachment.

They grasp and let go means: they grasp a teacher, let him go and grasp another teacher; they grasp a teaching, let it go and grasp another teaching; they grasp a group, let it go and grasp another group; they grasp a view, let it go and grasp another view; they grasp a way of practice, let it go and grasp another way of practice; they grasp a path, let it go and grasp another path; they grasp and let go, take up and reject - they grasp and let go.

Like a monkey releasing one branch after grabbing another. Just as a monkey roaming in the forest wilds grasps a branch, lets it go and grasps another branch. Even so the many ascetics and brahmins grasp and let go, take up and reject their many views - like a monkey releasing one branch after grabbing another.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

27.

A being undertaking vows by oneself means: By oneself means: by oneself. Vows means: elephant vow, horse vow, cow vow, dog vow, crow vow, Vāsudeva vow, Baladeva vow, Puṇṇabhadda vow, Maṇibhadda vow, fire vow, dragon vow, garuda vow, spirit vow, titan vow...etc... direction vow, having taken, undertaken, having taken up, having undertaken, having grasped, having adhered to, having clung to. Being means: a being, a man...etc... a human - a being undertaking vows by oneself.

Goes high and low, attached to perception means: goes from teacher to teacher; from one exposition of the Teaching to another exposition of the Teaching he goes; from one group to another group he goes; from one view to another view he goes; from one way of practice to another way of practice he goes; from one path to another path he goes. "Attached to perception" means: one is stuck, attached, fixed, caught, clung to, hindered by perception of sensual pleasure, perception of ill will, perception of harmfulness, perception of views. Just as on a wall peg or an elephant tusk goods are stuck, attached, fixed, caught, clung to, hindered, even so one is stuck, attached, fixed, caught, clung to, hindered by perception of sensual pleasure, perception of ill will, perception of harmfulness, perception of views - attached to perception, he goes high and low.

But the wise one, having understood the Teaching through inspirations. 'Knowing one' means one who is knowing, having true knowledge, knowledgeable, discerning, astute. 'Vedehī' means: knowledge in the four paths is called veda - wisdom, faculty of wisdom, power of wisdom, investigation-of-states enlightenment factor, investigation, insight, right view. Through these vedas he has gone to the end of birth, aging and death, reached the end, gone to the peak, reached the peak, gone to the limit, reached the limit, gone to the conclusion, reached the conclusion, gone to shelter, reached shelter, gone to refuge, reached refuge, gone to safety, reached safety, gone to the imperishable, reached the imperishable, gone to the Deathless, reached the Deathless, gone to Nibbāna, reached Nibbāna. 'Vedagū' means one who has gone to the end of the vedas, or one who has gone to the end through the vedas, or one who is vedagū because of having known seven things. Identity view is known, doubt is known, adherence to rules and observances is known, lust is known, hatred is known, delusion is known, conceit is known, evil unwholesome states that are defiling, leading to renewed existence, troublesome, resulting in suffering, leading to birth, aging and death in the future are known in him.

But the wise one, having understood the Teaching through inspirations. Having understood and fully understood the Teaching. Having understood and fully understood the Teaching: 'All formations are impermanent'; Having understood and fully understood the Teaching: 'All formations are suffering'; Having understood and fully understood the Teaching: 'All phenomena are non-self'; Having understood and fully understood the Teaching: 'With ignorance as condition, formations arise'; Having understood and fully understood the Teaching: 'Consciousness has formations as its condition'; 'Name-and-form has consciousness as its condition'...etc... the six sense bases have name-and-form as their condition... contact has the six sense bases as its condition... feeling has contact as its condition... craving has feeling as its condition... clinging has craving as its condition... existence has clinging as its condition... 'Birth has existence as its condition'... Having understood and fully understood the Teaching: 'Aging-and-death has birth as its condition'; Having understood and fully understood the Teaching: 'With the cessation of ignorance there is cessation of formations'; Having understood and fully understood the Teaching: 'With the cessation of formations there is cessation of consciousness'; 'With the cessation of consciousness there is cessation of name-and-form'... with the cessation of name-and-form there is cessation of the six sense bases... with the cessation of the six sense bases there is cessation of contact... with the cessation of contact there is cessation of feeling... with the cessation of feeling there is cessation of craving... with the cessation of craving there is cessation of clinging... with the cessation of clinging there is cessation of existence... 'With the cessation of existence there is cessation of birth'... Having understood and fully understood the Teaching: 'With the cessation of birth there is cessation of aging-and-death'; Having understood and fully understood the Teaching: 'This is suffering'; 'This is the origin of suffering'... 'This is the cessation of suffering'... Having understood and fully understood the Teaching: 'This is the way leading to the cessation of suffering'; Having understood and fully understood the Teaching: 'These are the taints'; 'This is the origin of the taints'... 'This is the cessation of the taints'... Having understood and fully understood the Teaching: 'This is the way leading to the cessation of the taints'; Having understood and fully understood the Teaching: 'These things are to be directly known'; 'These things are to be fully understood'... 'These things are to be abandoned'... 'These things are to be developed'... Having understood and fully understood the Teaching: 'These things are to be realized'. Having understood and fully understood the Teaching regarding the origin, disappearance, gratification, danger, and escape regarding the six bases of contact. Having understood and fully understood the Teaching regarding the origin, disappearance, gratification, danger, and escape regarding the five aggregates of clinging. Having understood and fully understood the Teaching regarding the origin, disappearance, gratification, danger, and escape regarding the four great elements. Having understood and fully understood the Teaching: 'Whatever has the nature to arise, all that has the nature to cease' - But the wise one, having understood the Teaching through inspirations.

The one of vast wisdom does not go high and low means: does not go from teacher to teacher, does not go from one exposition of the Teaching to another exposition of the Teaching, does not go from one group to another group, does not go from one view to another view, does not go from one way of practice to another way of practice, does not go from one path to another path. One of vast wisdom means: one of vast wisdom, great wisdom, broad wisdom, joyous wisdom, swift wisdom, sharp wisdom, penetrative wisdom. Vast is called earth. Possessed of wisdom that is vast and extensive like the earth - the one of vast wisdom does not go high and low.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

28.

One who has become free from armies in regard to all things, whatever is seen, heard, or sensed means: Army means Māra's army. Bodily misconduct is Māra's army, verbal misconduct is Māra's army, mental misconduct is Māra's army, lust is Māra's army, hatred is Māra's army, delusion is Māra's army, anger is Māra's army, resentment...etc... all unwholesome volitional formations are Māra's army.

For this was said by the Blessed One -

When by the four noble paths all the armies of Māra and all the opposing defilements are conquered and defeated, broken and scattered, turned away, one is called one who has become free from armies. One who has become free from armies in regard to what is seen, free from armies in regard to what is heard, free from armies in regard to what is sensed, free from armies in regard to what is cognized means - one who has become free from armies in regard to all things, whatever is seen, heard, or sensed.

That seer moving openly means: That pure seer, fully pure seer, completely pure seer, clean seer, perfectly clean seer. Or else, pure vision, fully pure vision, completely pure vision, clean vision, perfectly clean vision. Openly means: the covering of craving, the covering of views, the covering of defilements, the covering of misconduct, the covering of ignorance. Those coverings are opened, destroyed, uncovered, completely uncovered, abandoned, eliminated, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt up by the fire of knowledge. Moving means: moving, wandering, dwelling, conducting oneself, carrying on, guarding, maintaining, keeping going - that seer moving openly.

By what in this world could one imagine? Aeons: there are two aeons - the aeon of craving and the aeon of views... etc... this is the aeon of craving... etc... this is the aeon of views. For him the aeon of craving is abandoned, the aeon of views is relinquished. Since the aeon of craving is abandoned and the aeon of views is relinquished, by what lust would he construct, by what hatred would he construct, by what delusion would he construct, by what conceit would he construct, by what view would he construct, by what restlessness would he construct, by what doubt would he construct, by what underlying tendencies would he construct - as one who is lustful or full of hate or deluded or imprisoned or grasped or distracted or not arrived at the goal or obstinate. Those volitional formations are abandoned. Since the volitional formations are abandoned, by what would he construct destinations - as one in hell or in the animal realm or in the domain of ghosts or as a human being or a deity or as one having form or formless or percipient or non-percipient or neither percipient nor non-percipient. There is no cause, no condition, no reason by which he would construct, conceptualize, or enter into conceptualization. In the world: in the world of misery, the human world, the world of deities, the world of aggregates, the world of elements, the world of bases - by what here in the world would he conceptualize.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

29.

They do not construct, they do not put in front means: Aeons: there are two aeons - the aeon of craving and the aeon of views... etc... this is the aeon of craving... etc... this is the aeon of views. For them the aeon of craving is abandoned, the aeon of views is relinquished. Since the aeon of craving is abandoned and the aeon of views is relinquished, they do not construct, generate, produce, bring forth or manifest either the aeon of craving or the aeon of views - they do not construct. They do not put in front means: Putting in front: there are two ways of putting in front - putting craving in front and putting view in front...etc... this is putting craving in front...etc... this is putting view in front. For them putting craving in front is abandoned, putting view in front is relinquished. Since putting craving in front is abandoned and putting view in front is relinquished, they do not live having put either craving or view in front, not with craving as their banner, not with craving as their flag, not with craving as their authority, not with view as their banner, not with view as their flag, not with view as their authority, they do not live surrounded by either craving or view - they do not construct, they do not put in front.

They do not speak of ultimate purity means: they do not speak, talk about, utter, explain or express ultimate purity, purity through the round of rebirths, the view of non-action, the doctrine of eternalism - they do not speak of ultimate purity.

Having untied the knot of grasping that was tied. Knots means: four knots - covetousness as a bodily knot, ill will as a bodily knot, grasping of rules and observances as a bodily knot, adherence to 'this is truth' as a bodily knot. Lust for one's own view is covetousness as a bodily knot; resentment and displeasure towards others' doctrines is ill will as a bodily knot; grasping at one's own virtue or vow or rules and vows is grasping of rules and observances as a bodily knot, one's own view is adherence to 'this is truth' as a bodily knot. Why is it called the knot of grasping? Through these knots they grasp, cling to, seize, adhere to, and become fixed on form; feeling...etc... perception... formations... consciousness... destination... rebirth... reconnection... existence... they grasp, cling to, seize, adhere to, and become fixed on the round of rebirths. For this reason it is called the knot of grasping. Having untied means: having released the knots - having untied. Or having unbound the knots that were tied, bound, fastened, attached, fixed, stuck, hindered, and fettered - having untied. Just as they undo and dismantle a carriage or chariot or cart or palanquin that was assembled; even so having released the knots - having untied. Or having unbound the knots that were tied, bound, fastened, attached, fixed, stuck, hindered, and fettered, having untied means - having untied the knot of grasping that was tied.

they make no longing anywhere in the world. Hope means craving, that which is lust, infatuation... etc... covetousness, greed, root of the unwholesome. They make no longing means they do not make, generate, produce, bring forth or manifest longing. Anywhere means: anywhere, in anything, somewhere, internally or externally or both internally and externally. "In the world" means in the world of planes of misery... etc... in the world of sense bases means - they make no longing anywhere in the world.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

30.

The brahmin who has gone beyond the boundary has nothing, having known and seen what is grasped means: Boundaries means four boundaries - identity view, doubt, grasping at rules and observances, the underlying tendency to views, the underlying tendency to doubt, and the associated defilements - this is the first boundary. The gross fetter of sensual lust, the fetter of aversion, the gross underlying tendency to sensual lust, the underlying tendency to aversion, and the associated defilements - this is the second boundary. The residual fetter of sensual lust, the fetter of aversion, the residual underlying tendency to sensual lust, the underlying tendency to aversion, and the associated defilements - this is the third boundary. Lust for form, lust for the formless, conceit, restlessness, ignorance, the underlying tendency to conceit, the underlying tendency to lust for existence, the underlying tendency to ignorance, and the associated defilements - this is the fourth boundary. When one has crossed over, completely crossed over, and transcended these four boundaries by means of the four noble paths, that one is called a boundary-crosser. A brahmin is one who has eliminated seven things - identity view is eliminated, doubt is eliminated, grasping at rules and observances is eliminated...etc... independent, such a one is called a sublime deity. His means of the Worthy One whose taints are destroyed.

Having known means having known through the knowledge of others' minds or having known through the knowledge of recollection of past abodes. Having seen means having seen with the eye of flesh or having seen with the divine eye. The brahmin who has gone beyond the boundary has nothing, having known and seen what is grasped means: For him there does not exist, is not found, is not seen, is not obtained, is abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge anything taken, adhered to, inclined to, entered upon, attached to, resolved upon as "This is supreme, foremost, best, distinguished, supreme, highest, superior" - The brahmin who has gone beyond the boundary has nothing, having known and seen what is grasped.

Neither lustful with lust nor delighting in dispassion means: Those impassioned with lust are said to be those who are impassioned, greedy, tied, infatuated, blindly absorbed, stuck, attached, and hindered regarding the five cords of sensual pleasure. Those delighting in dispassion are said to be those who are impassioned, greedy, tied, infatuated, blindly absorbed, stuck, attached, and hindered regarding the form-sphere and formless-sphere attainments. Neither lustful with lust nor delighting in dispassion means: when sensual lust, form-sphere lust, and formless-sphere lust are abandoned, cut off at the root, made like a palm stump, obliterated so that they are no longer subject to future arising. To this extent one is neither lustful with lust nor delighting in dispassion.

For him there is nothing here grasped as supreme means: His means of the Worthy One whose taints are destroyed. For him there does not exist, is not found, is not seen, is not obtained, is abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge anything taken, adhered to, inclined to, entered upon, attached to, resolved upon as "This is supreme, foremost, best, distinguished, supreme, highest, superior" - for him there is nothing here grasped as supreme.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

The Exposition of the Discourse on the Octet about Purity is finished fourth.

5.

Exposition of the Discourse on the Supreme

Now he will speak the Exposition of the Discourse on the Supreme -

31.

"Supreme," dwelling in views. There are some ascetics and brahmins who are view-holders. Having taken, grasped, seized, adhered to, and clung to any one of the sixty-two views as "This is supreme, foremost, best, distinguished, supreme, highest, superior," they dwell, live, reside, and stay in their respective views. Just as householders dwell in houses, or those with offences dwell in offences, or those with defilements dwell in defilements; even so, there are some ascetics and brahmins who are view-holders. Having taken, grasped, seized, adhered to, and clung to any one of the sixty-two views as "This is supreme, foremost, best, distinguished, supreme, highest, superior," they dwell, live, reside, and stay in their respective views - "Supreme," dwelling in views.

Whatever a being in the world considers superior. 'Yad' means 'what'. "Makes superior" means one makes superior, makes foremost, best, distinguished, supreme, highest, and superior "This Teacher is omniscient" - one makes superior, makes foremost, best, distinguished, supreme, highest, and superior. "This Teaching is well-expounded..., this Community is practising well..., this view is excellent..., this way is well-described..., this path is leading out" - one makes superior, makes foremost, best, distinguished, supreme, highest, and superior, generates, creates. Being means: a being, a man...etc... a human. "In the world" means in the world of planes of misery... etc... in the world of sense bases means - whatever a being in the world considers superior.

Saying all others are inferior to that means: having established one's own teacher, doctrine, community, view, way, and path, one throws away, tosses away, casts away all other doctrines. "That teacher is not omniscient, the Teaching is not well-proclaimed, the group is not practising well, the view is not good, the way is not well-described, the path is not leading out, there is neither purity nor purification nor complete purification nor freedom nor liberation nor complete liberation here, they neither become pure nor purified nor completely purified nor freed nor liberated nor completely liberated here, they are low, inferior, mean, base, worthless, limited" - thus one speaks, thus one talks, thus one declares, thus one explains, thus one expresses - saying all others are inferior to that.

Therefore one has not overcome disputes. Therefore means: for that reason, because of that cause, because of that condition, because of that source. Disputes means: quarrels about views, arguments about views, disputes about views, conflicts about views, and contentions about views. Has not overcome means: has not passed beyond, has not transcended, has not overcome - therefore he has not overcome disputes.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

32.

When one sees benefit in self, whether through vision, learning, virtuous behaviour, or what is sensed. 'What in self' means what is in self. 'Self' is called a view. One sees two benefits in the view of self - the benefit pertaining to the present life and the benefit pertaining to the future life. What is the benefit pertaining to the present life in the view? When the Teacher has a certain view, the disciples have that same view. The disciples honour, respect, esteem and worship the Teacher who has that view, and on that account one gains robes, almsfood, lodging and medicinal requisites. This is the benefit pertaining to the present life in the view. What is the benefit pertaining to the future life in the view? This view is sufficient for becoming a dragon, or a supanna, or a spirit, or a titan, or a gandhabba, or a great king, or Inda, or a brahmā, or a deity; this view is sufficient for purity, purification, complete purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation; by this view they are purified, completely purified, thoroughly purified, freed, liberated, completely liberated; 'By this view I will be purified, completely purified, thoroughly purified, I will be freed, liberated, completely liberated' - thus one expects future fruit. This is the benefit pertaining to the future life in the view. One sees these two benefits in the view of self, one sees two benefits also in purification through vision, one sees two benefits also in purification through learning, one sees two benefits also in purification through virtuous behaviour, one sees two benefits also in purification through observances, one sees two benefits also in purification through what is sensed - the benefit pertaining to the present life and the benefit pertaining to the future life. What is the benefit pertaining to the present life in purification through what is sensed? When the Teacher has a certain view, the disciples have that same view...etc... this is the benefit pertaining to the present life in purification through what is sensed. What is the benefit pertaining to the future life in purification through what is sensed? This view is sufficient for becoming a dragon...etc... this is the benefit pertaining to the future life in purification through what is sensed. One sees, observes, looks at, contemplates and examines these two benefits also in purification through what is sensed - when one sees benefit in self, whether through vision, learning, virtuous behaviour, or what is sensed.

Having grasped just that there. "Just that" means: that view. "There" means: in one's own view, in one's own conviction, in one's own personal preference, in one's own belief. "Having grasped" means: having taken, grasped, seized, adhered to, and clung to "This is supreme, foremost, best, distinguished, supreme, highest, superior" - having grasped just that there.

One sees everything else as inferior. One sees, observes, looks at, contemplates and examines another teacher, doctrine, community, view, way and path as low, inferior, deficient, mean, worthless and insignificant - one sees everything else as inferior.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

33.

That too the wise declare a knot means: Skilled means those who are skilled in aggregates, skilled in elements, skilled in sense bases, skilled in dependent origination, skilled in foundations of mindfulness, skilled in right strivings, skilled in bases for spiritual power, skilled in faculties, skilled in powers, skilled in enlightenment factors, skilled in the path, skilled in fruition, skilled in Nibbāna, those skilled ones say thus - "This is a knot, this is an attachment, this is a bond, this is a hindrance." They say thus, speak thus, declare thus, explain thus, express thus - that too the wise declare a knot.

Based upon which one sees others as inferior means: Based upon which means: dependent on, based upon, attached to, approached, clung to, disposed to whatever teacher, doctrine, community, view, way and path. Sees others as inferior means: one sees, observes, looks at, gazes at, contemplates, considers and examines another teacher, doctrine, community, view, way and path as low, inferior, deficient, mean, worthless and insignificant - based upon which one sees others as inferior.

Therefore a Buddhist monk should not depend upon what is seen, heard, sensed, or rules and observances. Therefore means: for that reason, because of that cause, because of that condition, because of that source, one should not depend upon, should not grasp, should not adhere to, should not cling to what is seen or purity of what is seen, or what is heard or purity of what is heard, or what is sensed or purity of what is sensed, or virtue or purity of virtue, or vow or purity of vow - therefore a Buddhist monk should not depend upon what is seen, heard, sensed, or rules and observances.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

34.

One should not construct views in the world by knowledge or by rules and vows means: By knowledge of the eight attainments or by knowledge of the five direct knowledges or by wrong knowledge, or by virtue or by vow or by rules and vows, one should not construct, generate, produce, bring forth or bring about views. In the world means: in the world of misery...etc... in the world of sense bases means - one should not construct views in the world by knowledge or by rules and vows.

One should not bring oneself as equal means: One should not bring oneself as 'I am equal' by birth, or by clan, or by being a son of a good family, or by beauty of appearance, or by wealth, or by learning, or by sphere of work, or by sphere of craft, or by branch of knowledge, or by learning, or by ingenuity, or by some other ground means - one should not bring oneself as equal.

Nor think oneself inferior or superior means: One should not bring oneself as 'I am inferior' by birth, or by clan...etc... or by some other ground. One should not bring oneself as 'I am superior' by birth, or by clan...etc... or by some other ground means - nor think oneself inferior or superior.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

35.

Giving up self, not clinging means: Giving up self means giving up identity view. Giving up self means giving up grasping. Giving up self means having abandoned, given up, dispelled, terminated and obliterated whatever is taken, adhered to, inclined to, entered upon, attached to, resolved upon through craving and through views - giving up self. Not clinging means not clinging, not grasping, not adhering, not inclining through the four kinds of clinging - giving up self, not clinging.

Even by knowledge he does not create dependency means by knowledge of the eight attainments or by knowledge of the five direct knowledges or by wrong knowledge, he does not create, generate, produce, bring forth or bring about dependency through craving or dependency through views - Even by knowledge he does not create dependency.

Indeed among the learned he does not take sides means: indeed among the learned who are divided, split into two, become of two minds, of various views, of various convictions, of various personal preferences, of various beliefs, dependent on various views as dependency, who take wrong courses through desire, who take wrong courses through hatred, who take wrong courses through delusion, who take wrong courses through fear, he does not take a wrong course through desire, does not take a wrong course through hatred, does not take a wrong course through delusion, does not take a wrong course through fear, does not go under the power of lust, does not go under the power of hatred, does not go under the power of delusion, does not go under the power of conceit, does not go under the power of views, does not go under the power of restlessness, does not go under the power of doubt, does not go under the power of underlying tendencies, is not moved, led, carried, conveyed by factional things - Indeed among the learned he does not take sides.

He does not accept any view at all. His sixty-two views are abandoned, eliminated, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt up by the fire of knowledge. He does not accept, does not return to any view - He does not accept any view at all.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

36.

For whom there are no wishes at both ends, for existence or non-existence here or beyond means: for the Worthy One with taints destroyed. Ends means: contact is one end, the origin of contact is the second end; the past is one end, the future is the second end; pleasant feeling is one end, painful feeling is the second end; name is one end, form is the second end; the six internal sense bases are one end, the six external sense bases are the second end; identity is one end, the origin of identity is the second end. Wish means craving. That which is lust, infatuation... etc... covetousness, greed, root of the unwholesome.

For various states of existence: for various states of existence, for states of action, for renewed existence, for sense-sphere existence, for states of action, for sense-sphere existence, for renewed existence, for form-sphere existence, for states of action, for form-sphere existence, for renewed existence, for formless-sphere existence, for states of action, for formless-sphere existence, for renewed existence, for repeated existence, for repeated destination, for repeated rebirth, for repeated re-linking, for repeated production of individual existence. Here means one's own individual existence, beyond means another's individual existence; here means one's own form, feeling, perception, formations, consciousness; beyond means another's form, feeling, perception, formations, consciousness; here means the six internal sense bases, beyond means the six external sense bases; here means the human world, beyond means the world of deities; here means the element of sensual pleasure, beyond means the element of form and the element of formlessness; here means the element of sensual pleasure and the element of form. Beyond means the element of formlessness. For whom there are no wishes at both ends, for existence or non-existence here or beyond. For whom at both ends and for existence and non-existence, here and beyond, wishes and craving do not exist, are not found, are not seen, are not obtained, are abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge - for whom there are no wishes at both ends, for existence or non-existence here or beyond.

For him there are no inclinations at all. Inclinations means two inclinations - inclination of craving and inclination of view... etc... this is inclination of craving... etc... this is inclination of view. His means of the Worthy One whose taints are destroyed. For him there are no inclinations at all means: inclinations for him do not exist, are not found, are not seen, are not obtained, are abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge - for him there are no inclinations at all.

Having grasped what is decided among mind-objects. Among mind-objects means: among the sixty-two views. Having decided means: having determined, having judged, having investigated, having thoroughly investigated, having weighed, having considered, having understood, having made clear. Grasped means: taking hold, seizing, grasping the best, grasping portions, grasping accumulations, grasping collections, there does not exist, is not found, is not seen, is not obtained, is abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge anything taken, adhered to, inclined to, entered upon, attached to, resolved upon as "This is true, actual, real, what has come to be, factual, not inverted" - having grasped what is decided among mind-objects.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

37.

For him there is not even a slight perception contrived in what is seen, heard, or sensed. His means of the Worthy One whose taints are destroyed. For him, in what is seen or in purity of the seen, or in what is heard or in purity of the heard, or in what is sensed or in purity of the sensed, any view that has perception as forerunner, that would be conceived by perception, that by the analysis of perception, is raised up by perception, completely raised up, contrived, fabricated, conditioned, constructed, established, does not exist, is not found, is not seen, is not obtained, is abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge - For him there is not even a slight perception contrived in what is seen, heard, or sensed.

That brahmin not taking up views. A brahmin is one who has eliminated seven things - identity view is eliminated...etc... independent, such a one is called a sublime deity. That brahmin not taking up views. That brahmin not taking up, not grasping, not adhering to, not clinging to views - that brahmin not taking up views.

by what here in the world would he conceptualize. Aeons: there are two aeons - the aeon of craving and the aeon of views... etc... this is the aeon of craving... etc... this is the aeon of views. For him the aeon of craving is abandoned, the aeon of views is relinquished. Since the aeon of craving is abandoned and the aeon of views is relinquished, by what lust would he construct, by what hatred would he construct, by what delusion would he construct, by what conceit would he construct, by what view would he construct, by what restlessness would he construct, by what doubt would he construct, by what underlying tendencies would he construct - as one who is lustful or full of hate or deluded or imprisoned or grasped or distracted or not arrived at the goal or obstinate. Those volitional formations are abandoned. Since the volitional formations are abandoned, by what would he construct destinations - as one in hell or in the animal realm or in the domain of ghosts or as a human being or a deity or as one having form or formless or percipient or non-percipient or neither percipient nor non-percipient. There is no cause, no condition, no reason by which he would construct, conceptualize, or enter into conceptualization. In the world means: in the world of misery...etc... in the world of sense bases means - by what here in the world would he conceptualize.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

38.

They do not construct, they do not put in front means: Aeons: there are two aeons - the aeon of craving and the aeon of views. What is the aeon of craving? Whatever is bounded, delimited, circumscribed, bordered, appropriated, and claimed as 'mine' through what is reckoned as craving - 'This is mine, that is mine, this much is mine, just this much is mine, my forms, sounds, odours, tastes, tactile objects, spreads, coverlets, male and female slaves, goats and sheep, fowl and pigs, elephants, cattle, horses and mares, fields, property, gold, money, villages, towns, royal cities, the country and provinces, the treasury and storehouses,' one claims even the whole great earth through craving, as far as the one hundred and eight courses of craving - this is the aeon of craving. What is the aeon of views? Identity view has twenty bases, wrong view has ten bases, view of extremes has ten bases, whatever view of this sort is going after views, a thicket of views, a wilderness of views, a contortion of views, a vacillation of views, a fetter of views, holding, grasping, adherence, wrong grasp, wrong path, wrong way, wrongness, sectarian base, distorted holding, inverted holding, perverted holding, wrong holding, holding what is not real to be real, as far as the sixty-two views - this is the aeon of views. For them the aeon of craving is abandoned, the aeon of views is relinquished. Since the aeon of craving is abandoned and the aeon of views is relinquished, they do not construct, generate, produce, bring forth or manifest either the aeon of craving or the aeon of views - they do not construct.

They do not put in front means: Putting in front: there are two ways of putting in front - putting craving in front and putting view in front...etc... this is putting craving in front...etc... this is putting view in front. For them putting craving in front is abandoned, putting view in front is relinquished. Since putting craving in front is abandoned and putting view in front is relinquished, they do not live having put either craving or view in front, not with craving as their banner, not with craving as their flag, not with craving as their authority, not with view as their banner, not with view as their flag, not with view as their authority. They do not live having surrounded themselves with either craving or view - they do not construct, they do not put in front.

Their teachings are not grasped at. Phenomena means the sixty-two kinds of views. Of them means of those Arahants with taints destroyed. Are not grasped at means 'the world is eternal, this alone is true and everything else is false' is not grasped at. 'The world is not eternal... The world is finite... 'The world is infinite... 'The soul is the same as the body... 'The soul is one thing and the body another... 'The Truth Finder exists after death... 'The Truth Finder does not exist after death... 'The Truth Finder both exists and does not exist after death... The Truth Finder neither exists nor does not exist after death, this alone is true and everything else is false' is not grasped at - their teachings are not grasped at.

The brahmin is not led by virtuous behaviour and observances. Inclination is rejection. A brahmin is one who has eliminated seven things - identity view is eliminated...etc... The steadfast one free from the sickle is called a brahmā. The brahmin is not led by virtuous behaviour and observances. The brahmin is not guided, led, carried, or conveyed by virtue or vow or rules and observances - the brahmin is not led by virtuous behaviour and observances.

The steadfast one gone to the far shore does not return. The far shore is called the Deathless, Nibbāna. That which is the stilling of all formations, the relinquishment of all acquisitions, the destruction of craving, dispassion, cessation, Nibbāna. He has gone to the far shore, reached the far shore, gone to the end, reached the end, gone to the peak, reached the peak [in detail] the round of birth and death, for him there is no renewed existence - gone to the far shore. Does not return means: whatever defilements are abandoned by the path of stream-entry, he does not go back to, does not return to, does not come back to those defilements. Whatever defilements are abandoned by the path of once-returning, he does not go back to, does not return to, does not come back to those defilements. Whatever defilements are abandoned by the path of non-returning, he does not go back to, does not return to, does not come back to those defilements. Whatever defilements are abandoned by the path of arahantship, he does not go back to, does not return to, does not come back to those defilements - gone to the far shore does not return. Steadfast means: the arahant is steadfast in five aspects - steadfast in the desirable and undesirable, steadfast because of having given up, steadfast because of having crossed over, steadfast because of being liberated, steadfast because of the explanation of that.

How is an arahant steadfast in the desirable and undesirable? An arahant is steadfast in gain and loss, in fame and obscurity, in praise and blame, in happiness and suffering. Some might anoint his arm with perfume, others might cut his arm with an axe - in this one there is no lust, in this one there is no aversion, abandoned are attraction and repulsion, gone beyond elation and dejection, transcended are compliance and opposition. Thus is an arahant steadfast in the desirable and undesirable.

How is an arahant steadfast as one who has abandoned? In the Worthy One, lust is given up, vomited out, released, abandoned, forsaken. Hatred... etc... delusion... anger... resentment... contempt... insolence... envy... selfishness... deceit... fraud... obstinacy... rivalry... conceit... arrogance... vanity... negligence... all defilements... all misconduct... all anguish... all passion... all torments... all unwholesome volitional formations are given up, vomited out, released, abandoned, forsaken. Thus is the Worthy One steadfast as one who has abandoned.

How is the Worthy One steadfast as one who has crossed over? The Worthy One has crossed over the flood of sensual pleasure, crossed over the flood of existence, crossed over the flood of views, crossed over the flood of ignorance, crossed over the entire path of the round of rebirths, crossed over, gone beyond, transcended, completely transcended, passed beyond. He has lived the life, fulfilled his conduct, the round of birth and death, for him there is no renewed existence. Thus is the Worthy One steadfast as one who has crossed over.

How is the Worthy One steadfast as one who is liberated? The Worthy One's mind is freed, liberated, well liberated from lust, freed, liberated, well liberated from hatred, freed, liberated, well liberated from delusion, from anger... etc... from resentment... from contempt... from insolence... of envy... from selfishness... of deceit... from fraud... from obstinacy... from rivalry... from conceit... from arrogance... from vanity... from negligence... from all defilements... from all misconduct... from all anguish... from all passion... from all disturbance... the mind is freed, liberated, well liberated from all unwholesome volitional formations. Thus is the Worthy One steadfast as one who is liberated.

How is the Worthy One steadfast in terms of that exposition? When there is virtue, the Worthy One is virtuous - thus is the steadfast one in terms of that exposition; When there is faith, one has faith - thus is the steadfast one in terms of that exposition; When there is energy, one is energetic - thus is the steadfast one in terms of that exposition; When there is mindfulness, one is mindful - thus is the steadfast one in terms of that exposition; When there is concentration, one is concentrated - thus is the steadfast one in terms of that exposition; When there is wisdom, one is wise - thus is the steadfast one in terms of that exposition; When there is true knowledge, one has the three true knowledges - thus is the steadfast one in terms of that exposition; When there is direct knowledge, one has the six direct knowledges - thus is the steadfast one in terms of that exposition. Thus is the Worthy One steadfast in terms of that exposition - the steadfast one gone to the far shore does not return.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

The fifth is the Exposition of the Discourse on the Supreme.

6.

Exposition of the Discourse on Aging

Then he will speak the Exposition of the Discourse on Aging -

39.

Indeed this life is short. Life means: life span, stability, sustenance, maintenance, movement, continuity, protection, life, faculty of life. Moreover, life is short, life is brief for two reasons - life is short due to limited stability, or life is short due to limited essence. How is life short due to limited stability? In a past mind-moment one lived, one does not live, one will not live; in a future mind-moment one will live, one does not live, one did not live; in a present mind-moment one lives, one did not live, one will not live.

Thus life is short due to limited stability.

How is life short due to limited essence? Life is bound up with in-breath, life is bound up with out-breath, life is bound up with in-breathing and out-breathing, life is bound up with the great elements, life is bound up with material food, life is bound up with heat, life is bound up with consciousness. The root of these is weak, their prior causes are weak, the conditions are weak, and those that give rise to them are weak, their common plane is weak, their connections are weak, their co-nascent factors are weak, and what activates them is weak. These are constantly weak in relation to one another, these are unstable in relation to one another. These cause one another to fall, indeed there is no protector of one another, and these do not support one another. And one who produces them is not found.

Thus life is short due to limited essence.

And compared to the life span of the deities of the Four Great Kings, human life is short, limited, brief, momentary, fleeting, temporary, not lasting long, not enduring. of the Tāvatiṃsa deities... of the Yāma devas... of the Tusita devas... of the Nimmānaratī devas... of the Paranimmitavasavattī devas... compared to the life span of the deities of Brahmā's retinue, human life is short, limited, brief, momentary, fleeting, temporary, not lasting long, not enduring. For this was said by the Blessed One - "Short, monks, is the life span of human beings, the next world must be reached, this should be understood through wisdom, what is wholesome should be done, the holy life should be lived, there is no immortality for one who is born. One who lives long, monks, lives for a hundred years or a little more.

Indeed this life is short.

One dies even before a hundred years. One passes away, dies, disappears, and perishes even at the time of the embryo, one passes away, dies, disappears, and perishes even at the time of the water bubble, one passes away, dies, disappears, and perishes even at the time of the flesh, one passes away, dies, disappears, and perishes even at the time of the solid mass, one passes away, dies, disappears, and perishes even at the time of the limbs, one passes away, dies, disappears, and perishes even when just born, one passes away, dies, disappears, and perishes even in the birth house, one passes away, dies, disappears, and perishes even at half a month old, one passes away, dies, disappears, and perishes even at one month old, at two months old...etc... at three months old... at four months old... one passes away, dies, disappears, and perishes even at five months old, at six months old... at seven months old... at eight months old... at nine months old... at ten months old... one passes away, dies, disappears, and perishes even at one year old, at two years old... at three years old... at four years old... at five years old... at six years old... at seven years old... at eight years old... at nine years old... at ten years old... at twenty years old... at thirty years old... at forty years old... at fifty years old... at sixty years old... at seventy years old... at eighty years old... one passes away, dies, disappears, and perishes even at ninety years old - one dies even before a hundred years.

And if one lives beyond that. Whoever lives beyond a hundred years lives either one year, or two years, or three years, or four years, or five years...etc... or ten years, or twenty years, or thirty years, or forty years - And if one lives beyond that. Then one dies from old age. When one is aged, old, advanced in years, reached the end of life, with broken teeth, grey hair, bald, with wrinkled head, with skin marked by moles, bent, crooked, leaning on a stick, then one passes away, dies, disappears, and perishes even from old age, there is no escape from death.

Then one dies from old age.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

40.

People sorrow over what they hold dear means: People means nobles, brahmins, merchants, workers, householders, renunciants, deities and human beings. There are two kinds of possessiveness - possessiveness of craving and possessiveness of views...etc... this is possessiveness of craving...etc... this is possessiveness of views. They sorrow when they suspect their cherished objects will be taken away, they sorrow when they are being taken away, they sorrow when they have been taken away. They sorrow when they suspect their cherished objects will change, they sorrow when they are changing, and when they have changed they sorrow, become weary, lament, beat their breast, and fall into confusion - people sorrow over what they hold dear.

For possessions are not permanent means: Two kinds of possession: possession by craving and possession by view... etc... this is possession by craving... etc... this is possession by view. Possession by craving is impermanent, conditioned, dependently arisen, subject to destruction, subject to vanishing, subject to fading away, subject to cessation, subject to change. Possession by view too is impermanent, conditioned, dependently arisen, subject to destruction, subject to vanishing, subject to fading away, subject to cessation, subject to change. For this was said by the Blessed One - "Do you see, monks, any possession which would remain permanent, stable, eternal, not subject to change, and would remain just so for eternity?" "No, Venerable Sir." "Good, monks! I too, monks, do not see any possession which would remain permanent, stable, eternal, not subject to change, and would remain just so for eternity." Possessions that are permanent, stable, eternal, not subject to change do not exist, are not found, are not seen, are not obtained - for possessions are not permanent.

There is indeed separation. When there is alteration, separation, and becoming otherwise existing, occurring, and found. For this was said by the Blessed One - "Enough, Ānanda! Do not sorrow, do not lament. Has this not, Ānanda, been already declared by me - 'There is alteration, separation, and becoming otherwise from all that is dear and agreeable. How could it be possible to obtain that here, Ānanda - that what is born, come to be, conditioned, subject to disintegration, should not disintegrate! This is not a possible position. Due to the change and becoming otherwise of the prior aggregates, elements, and bases, the subsequent aggregates, elements, and bases proceed" - this is indeed a state of separation.

Seeing this one should not live in a house. Thus is the connection of terms, the bonding of terms, the fulfilment of terms, the combination of syllables, the smoothness of phrasing, the progressive sequence. Thus means: having seen this, having observed, having weighed, having judged, having understood, having made clear regarding possessiveness - having seen thus. One should not live in a house means: having cut off all impediments of living in a house, having cut off impediments of children and wife, having cut off impediments of relatives, having cut off impediments of friends and companions, having cut off impediments of storing, having shaved off hair and beard, having put on ochre robes, having gone forth from home into homelessness, having reached the state of owning nothing, one should live, dwell, behave, continue, guard, maintain, sustain alone - seeing thus, one should not live in a house.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

41.

By death too that is abandoned means: Death means the passing away, falling away, breaking up, disappearance, dying, death, completion of time, breaking up of the aggregates, laying down of the body, cutting off of the life faculty of various beings from various orders of beings. That means whatever exists of form, feeling, perception, formations, and consciousness. Is abandoned means is abandoned, is given up, is relinquished, disappears, is destroyed. This too was said -

By death too that is abandoned. What a person conceives as 'This is mine'. That means whatever exists of form, feeling, perception, formations, and consciousness. 'Person' is a term, designation, description, expression, name, naming, denomination, language, phrasing, manner of speaking. 'Conceives as "This is mine"' means: conceives through conceiving of craving, conceives through conceiving of views, conceives through conceiving of conceit, conceives through conceiving of defilements, conceives through conceiving of misconduct, conceives through conceiving of exertion, conceives through conceiving of results - what a person conceives as 'This is mine'.

Having understood this too, the wise person. Having known this danger, having understood, having weighed, having judged, having understood, having made clear regarding possessiveness, having understood this too, the wise one means one who is wise, possessed of wisdom, intelligent, knowledgeable, discerning, astute - having understood this too, the wise person.

"Devoted to me, should not incline to possessiveness." There are two kinds of possessiveness - possessiveness of craving and possessiveness of views...etc... this is possessiveness of craving...etc... this is possessiveness of views. A follower means: a follower of the Buddha, a follower of the Teaching, a follower of the Community. He cherishes the Blessed One, the Blessed One embraces that person. For this was said by the Blessed One - "Monks, those monks who are fraudulent, stubborn, garrulous, imposters, arrogant and unconcentrated - those monks, monks, are not my followers; and those monks, monks, have fallen away from this Teaching and discipline. And they do not achieve growth, increase and expansion in this Teaching and discipline. But those monks, monks, who are not fraudulent, not garrulous, wise, not stubborn, well concentrated - those monks, monks, are my followers; and those monks, monks, have not fallen away from this Teaching and discipline. And they achieve growth, increase and expansion in this Teaching and discipline."

"Devoted to me, should not incline to possessiveness." One devoted to me, having abandoned possessiveness of craving and having relinquished possessiveness of views, should not incline, should not bend down to possessiveness, should not be slanting towards it, not sloping towards it, not inclining towards it, not disposed to it, not under its authority - devoted to me, should not incline to possessiveness.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

42.

Just as what was met in a dream. Met means come together, concentrated, assembled - just as what was met in a dream. A person awakened does not see means just as a person in a dream sees the moon, sees the sun, sees the great ocean, sees Sineru the king of mountains, sees an elephant, sees a horse, sees a chariot, sees a foot soldier, sees an army formation, sees the delightfulness of parks, sees the delightfulness of forests...etc... the delightfulness of the earth... sees the delightfulness of lotus ponds; awakened one sees nothing at all - a person awakened does not see.

So too a dear person. Thus is the bringing forth of the simile. A dear person means a cherished person - mother or father or brother or sister or son or daughter or friend or companion or relative or kinsman - so too a dear person.

One does not see who has died and become a ghost means: A ghost means one who is dead. One does not see, does not observe, does not find, does not get, does not obtain one who has died - one does not see who has died and become a ghost.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

43.

Those people seen and heard means: Seen means those who are produced by eye-consciousness. Heard means those who are produced by ear-consciousness. Those people means nobles, brahmins, merchants, workers, householders, renunciants, deities and human beings - those people seen and heard.

Of whom this name is declared means: Of whom means: of nobles, brahmins, merchants, workers, householders, renunciates, deities and human beings. Name is a term, designation, description, expression, name, naming, denomination, language, phrasing, manner of speaking. Is declared means: is said, is declared, is spoken, is uttered, is explained, is expressed - of whom this name is declared.

Only name will remain to be declared. Whatever exists of form, feeling, perception, formations, and consciousness is abandoned, is given up, is relinquished, disappears, is destroyed, only name remains. To be declared means: to declare, to tell, to speak, to explain, to express means - only name remains to be declared. Of a ghost, of a being means: Of a ghost means: of one who is dead, of one who has passed away. For a being means: for a being, for a person, for a human, for an individual, for one with a soul, for a mortal, for one born, for one with a self, for a man. of a ghost, of a being.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

44.

Sorrow, lamentation and selfishness, they do not abandon, being greedy for what they consider 'mine'. Sorrow means: when one is touched by disaster regarding relatives, or touched by disaster regarding wealth, or touched by disaster regarding health, or touched by disaster regarding virtue, or touched by disaster regarding views, or when one is touched by some kind of disaster or some kind of painful state, the sorrow, sorrowing, sorrowfulness, inner sorrow, inner grief, inner burning, inner torment, mental affliction, displeasure, arrow of sorrow. Lamentation means: when one is touched by disaster regarding relatives...etc... or touched by disaster regarding views, or when one is touched by some kind of disaster or some kind of painful state, the crying, lamenting, crying out, lamenting out, state of crying, state of lamentation, talk, prattle, chatter, wailing, state of wailing, state of prattling. Selfishness means: five kinds of selfishness - selfishness regarding dwellings, selfishness regarding families, selfishness regarding gains, selfishness regarding praise, selfishness regarding the Teaching. Whatever selfishness, being selfish, state of being selfish, stinginess, meanness, tight-fistedness, state of not giving up in the mind - this is called selfishness. Moreover, selfishness regarding aggregates is selfishness, selfishness regarding elements is selfishness, selfishness regarding sense bases is selfishness - this grasping - this is called selfishness. Greed is called craving. That which is lust, infatuation... etc... covetousness, greed, root of the unwholesome. There are two kinds of possessiveness - possessiveness of craving and possessiveness of views...etc... this is possessiveness of craving...etc... this is possessiveness of views. They sorrow when they suspect their cherished objects will be taken away, they sorrow when they are being taken away, they sorrow when they have been taken away, they sorrow when they suspect their cherished objects will change, they sorrow when they are changing, they sorrow when they have changed, they lament when they suspect their cherished objects will be taken away, they lament when they are being taken away, they lament when they have been taken away. They lament when they suspect their cherished objects will change, they lament when they are changing, they lament when they have changed. They protect, guard, grasp, cherish and are selfish about their cherished objects; regarding cherished objects they do not abandon sorrow, do not abandon lamentation, do not abandon selfishness, do not abandon greed, do not give up, do not drive away, do not make an end of, do not bring to non-existence - sorrow, lamentation and selfishness, they do not abandon, being greedy for what they consider 'mine'.

Therefore the sages, having given up possession, wandered seeing security. Therefore means: for that reason, because of that cause, because of that condition, because of that source, seeing this danger in possessions - therefore. Sages means: knowledge is called sageship. That which is wisdom, understanding... etc... non-delusion, investigation-of-states, right view. Those endowed with that knowledge are sages who have attained sageship. Three kinds of sageship - bodily sagacity, verbal sagacity, mental sagacity... etc... that sage who has overcome the net of attachments. Possession means two kinds of possession - possession by craving and possession by view... etc... this is possession by craving... etc... this is possession by view. The sages, having given up possession by craving and having relinquished, abandoned, given up, dispelled, terminated and obliterated possession by view, wandered, dwelt, moved about, carried on, maintained themselves, lived. Seeing security means: the Deathless, Nibbāna is called security. That which is the stilling of all formations, the relinquishment of all acquisitions, the destruction of craving, dispassion, cessation, Nibbāna. Seeing security means: seeing security, seeing protection, seeing shelter, seeing refuge, seeing fearlessness, seeing the undying, seeing the Deathless, seeing Nibbāna - therefore the sages, having given up possession, wandered seeing security.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

45.

For a monk who lives in seclusion. The seven trainees are called those who live withdrawn. An arahant is withdrawn. Why are the seven trainees called those who live withdrawn? They live, move about, dwell, carry on, continue, maintain, sustain and keep going while withdrawing, recoiling, turning away, restraining, controlling, constraining, guarding and protecting the mind from this and that; they live, move about, dwell, carry on, continue, maintain, sustain and keep going while withdrawing, recoiling, turning away, restraining, controlling, constraining, guarding and protecting the mind at the eye-door; at the ear-door the mind... etc... at the nose-door the mind... at the tongue-door the mind... at the body-door the mind... they live, move about, dwell, carry on, continue, maintain, sustain and keep going while withdrawing, recoiling, turning away, restraining, controlling, constraining, guarding and protecting the mind at the mind-door. Just as a chicken's feather or strip of sinew, when thrown into the fire, shrinks back, recoils, turns away and does not stretch forth; even so they live, move about, dwell, carry on, continue, maintain, sustain and keep going while withdrawing, recoiling, turning away, restraining, controlling, constraining, guarding and protecting the mind from this and that; at the eye-door the mind... etc... at the ear-door the mind... at the nose-door the mind... at the tongue-door the mind... at the body-door the mind... they live, move about, dwell, carry on, continue, maintain, sustain and keep going while withdrawing, recoiling, turning away, restraining, controlling, constraining, guarding and protecting the mind at the mind-door. For this reason the seven trainees are called those who live withdrawn. A monk means: either a good ordinary monk or a trainee monk - a monk who lives withdrawn.

Resorting to a secluded seat means: a seat is called that whereon one sits - bed, chair, mattress, mat, piece of leather, grass-spread, leaf-spread, straw-spread. That seat is empty, secluded, and isolated from seeing unsuitable forms, empty, secluded, and isolated from hearing unsuitable sounds, from smelling unsuitable odours... from tasting unsuitable tastes... from touching unsuitable tactile objects... empty, secluded, and isolated from the five unsuitable cords of sensual pleasure. For one who resorts to, fully resorts to, associates with, pursues, fully pursues, and practises that secluded seat - for one resorting to a secluded seat.

They say it is concord for him, who would not show oneself in existence. Concord means three kinds of concord - concord of the group, concord of the Teaching, concord of non-production. What is concord of the group? Even if many monks live in concord, with mutual appreciation, without dispute, blending like milk and water, viewing each other with kindly eyes - this is concord of the group. What is concord of the Teaching? The four foundations of mindfulness, the four right strivings, the four bases for spiritual power, the five faculties, the five powers, the seven enlightenment factors, the Noble Eightfold Path. They leap forward together, have confidence, become established, are liberated; there is no dispute or controversy about these teachings - this is concord of the Teaching. What is concord of non-production? Even if many monks attain final Nibbāna in the element of Nibbāna without residue; no decrease or fullness is evident in the element of Nibbāna - this is concord of non-production. In existence means: for hell beings, hell is existence; for animals, the animal realm is existence; for ghosts, the domain of ghosts is existence; for human beings, the human world is existence; for deities, the world of deities is existence. They say it is concord for him, who would not show oneself in existence. They said thus, spoke thus, declared thus, explained thus, expressed thus - this is his concord, this is fitting, this is suitable, this is proper, this is appropriate, that one would not show oneself in such a concealed hell, would not show oneself in the animal realm, would not show oneself in the domain of ghosts, would not show oneself in the human world, would not show oneself in the world of deities - they say it is concord for him, who would not show oneself in existence.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

46.

The sage who is independent in all things. All means the twelve bases - The eye and forms, the ear and sounds, the nose and odours, the tongue and tastes, the body and tactile objects, and the mind and mental phenomena. A sage. Knowledge is called sageship...etc... that sage who has overcome the net of attachments. Independent means: There are two dependencies - dependency on craving and dependency on views...etc... this is dependency on craving...etc... this is dependency on views. The sage, having abandoned dependency on craving and relinquished dependency on views, is independent of eye, independent of ear, independent of nose, independent of tongue, independent of body, independent of mind, in forms... sounds... odours... tastes... tactile objects... towards the Teaching... in family... in group... in dwelling... in gain... in fame... in praise... in happiness... in robe... in almsfood... in lodging... in medicinal requisites... in sense-sphere element... in form-sphere element... in formless-sphere element... in sense-sphere existence... in form-sphere existence... in formless-sphere existence... in existence with perception... in existence without perception... in existence with neither perception nor non-perception... in existence with one aggregate... in existence with four aggregates... in existence with five aggregates... in past... in future... in present... seen... heard... sensed... cognized... independent of all phenomena, unattached, unapproached, not taken to, not adhered to, gone forth, detached, freed, released, he dwells with a mind made unlimited - the sage who is independent in all things.

He makes nothing dear nor unloved. Dear means two kinds of dear - beings or formations. Which beings are dear? Here, for one who has those who wish one good, wish one welfare, wish one comfort, wish one security from bondage - mother or father or brother or sister or sons or daughters or friends or colleagues or relatives or family members - these beings are dear. Which formations are dear? Agreeable forms, agreeable sounds, agreeable odours, agreeable tastes, agreeable tactile objects - these formations are dear. Unloved means two kinds of unloved - beings or formations. Which beings are unloved? Here, for one who has those who wish one harm, wish one ill, wish one discomfort, wish one bondage, wish to take one's life - these beings are unloved. Which formations are unloved? Disagreeable forms, disagreeable sounds, disagreeable odours, disagreeable tastes, disagreeable tactile objects - these formations are unloved. He makes nothing dear nor unloved. He does not make through the power of lust "This being is dear to me, and these formations are agreeable"; he does not make, generate, produce, bring forth or bring about through the power of aversion "This being is unloved by me, and these formations are disagreeable" - he makes nothing dear nor unloved.

Lamentation and stinginess do not cling to him, just as water does not cling to a leaf. In him means: in that person who is an arahant with taints destroyed. Lamentation means: when one is touched by disaster regarding relatives, or touched by disaster regarding wealth, or touched by disaster regarding health, or touched by disaster regarding virtue, or touched by disaster regarding views, or when one is touched by some kind of disaster or some kind of painful state, the crying, lamenting, crying out, lamenting out, state of crying, state of lamentation, talk, prattle, chatter, wailing, state of wailing, state of prattling. Selfishness means: five kinds of selfishness - selfishness regarding dwellings, selfishness regarding families, selfishness regarding gains, selfishness regarding praise, selfishness regarding the Teaching. Whatever selfishness, being selfish, state of being selfish, stinginess, meanness, tight-fistedness, state of not giving up in the mind - this is called selfishness. Moreover, selfishness regarding aggregates is selfishness, selfishness regarding elements is selfishness, selfishness regarding sense bases is selfishness - this grasping - this is called selfishness.

Just as water does not cling to a leaf. A leaf means a lotus leaf. Water means water. Just as water does not cling to a lotus leaf, does not adhere, does not get stuck, unclinging, unadhering, unsticking, even so in that person who is an arahant with taints destroyed, lamentation and miserliness do not cling, do not adhere, do not get stuck, unclinging, unadhering, unsticking. And that person who is an arahant does not cling to those defilements, does not adhere, does not get stuck, unattached, unadhered, unstuck, gone forth, detached, freed, released, dwelling with a mind made unlimited - lamentation and stinginess do not cling to him, just as water does not cling to a leaf.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

47.

Just as a drop of water on a lotus leaf. A drop of water means a drop of water. A lotus leaf means a lotus petal. Just as a drop of water does not cling to a lotus petal, does not adhere, does not get stuck, unclinging, unadhering, unsticking - just as a drop of water on a lotus leaf. Just as water does not cling to a lotus. A lotus means a lotus flower. Water means water. Just as water does not cling to a lotus flower, does not adhere, does not get stuck, unclinging, unadhering, unsticking - just as water does not cling to a lotus.

Even so the sage does not cling to what is seen, heard, or sensed. Thus is the bringing forth of the simile. A sage. Knowledge is called sageship...etc... that sage who has overcome the net of attachments. Stains are two stains - clinging through craving and clinging through views...etc... this is clinging through craving...etc... this is clinging through views. The sage, having abandoned clinging through craving and relinquished clinging through views, does not cling to what is seen, does not cling to what is heard, does not cling to what is sensed, does not cling to what is cognized, does not adhere, does not get stuck, unattached, unadhered, unstuck, gone forth, detached, freed, released, he dwells with a mind made unlimited - Even so the sage does not cling to what is seen, heard, or sensed.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

48.

The cleansed one does not conceive through what is seen, heard, or sensed. Cleansed: wisdom is called cleansed. That which is wisdom, understanding... etc... non-delusion, investigation-of-states, right view. Why is wisdom called cleansed? By that wisdom bodily misconduct is shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified, verbal misconduct... etc... mental misconduct is shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified, lust is shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified, hatred... delusion... anger... resentment... contempt... insolence... envy... selfishness... deceit... fraud... obstinacy... rivalry... conceit... arrogance... vanity... negligence... all defilements... all misconduct... all anguish... all passion... all torments... all unwholesome volitional formations are shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified. For this reason wisdom is called cleansed.

Or else by right view wrong view is shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified, by right intention wrong intention is shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified, by right speech wrong speech is shaken off, washed... by right action wrong action is shaken off... by right livelihood wrong livelihood is shaken off... by right effort wrong effort is shaken off... by right mindfulness wrong mindfulness is shaken off... by right concentration wrong concentration is shaken off... by right knowledge wrong knowledge is shaken off... by right liberation wrong liberation is shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified.

Or else by the noble eightfold path all defilements... all misconduct... all anguish... all passion... all torments... all unwholesome volitional formations are shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified. An arahant is possessed, fully possessed, attained, fully attained, entered upon, fully entered upon, endowed with these qualities to be washed away. Therefore an arahant is one who is washed. He has washed away lust, washed away evil, washed away defilements, washed away passion - one who is washed.

The cleansed one does not conceive through what is seen, heard, or sensed. The cleansed one does not conceive what is seen, does not conceive in what is seen, does not conceive from what is seen, does not conceive 'what is seen is mine'; does not conceive what is heard, does not conceive in what is heard, does not conceive from what is heard, does not conceive 'what is heard is mine'; does not conceive what is sensed, does not conceive in what is sensed, does not conceive from what is sensed, does not conceive 'what is sensed is mine'; does not conceive what is cognized, does not conceive in what is cognized, does not conceive from what is cognized, does not conceive 'what is cognized is mine'. This too was said by the Blessed One - "'I am', monks, is a conceiving, 'I am this' is a conceiving, 'I shall be' is a conceiving, 'I shall not be' is a conceiving, 'I shall be possessed of form' is a conceiving, 'I shall be formless' is a conceiving, 'I shall be percipient' is a conceiving, 'I shall be non-percipient' is a conceiving, 'I shall be neither percipient nor non-percipient' is a conceiving. Conceiving, monks, is a disease, conceiving is a tumour, conceiving is a dart, conceiving is a calamity. Therefore, monks, 'We shall dwell with a mind free from conceiving' - this is how you should train" - The cleansed one does not conceive through what is seen, heard, or sensed.

He does not wish for purity through anything else. The sage does not wish for, delight in, yearn for, aspire for, or long for purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation through another impure path, wrong practice, path that does not lead out, apart from the establishments of mindfulness, apart from the right strivings, apart from the bases for spiritual power, apart from the faculties, apart from the powers, apart from the enlightenment factors, apart from the Noble Eightfold Path - He does not wish for purity through anything else.

For he neither lusts nor becomes dispassionate. All foolish worldlings lust, in comparison to the good worldling seven trainees become dispassionate; an arahant neither lusts nor becomes dispassionate. He is dispassionate due to the destruction of lust, being without lust, due to the destruction of hatred, being without hatred, due to the destruction of delusion, being without delusion. He has lived the life, fulfilled his conduct...etc... the round of birth, aging and death, for him there is no renewed existence - for he neither lusts nor becomes dispassionate.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

The Exposition of the Discourse on Aging is sixth.

7.

Exposition of the Discourse to Tissa Metteyya

Now he will speak the Exposition of the Discourse to Tissa Metteyya -

49.

For one devoted to sexual intercourse. Sexual intercourse means that which is against the Teaching, a village practice, a vile practice, inertia, requiring water, secret, a dyad attainment. Why is it called sexual intercourse? Because it is a practice of two who are lustful, impassioned, corrupted, obsessed, with minds possessed, for this reason it is called sexual intercourse. Just as two who create quarrels are called a couple, two who create strife are called a couple, two who create arguments are called a couple, two who create disputes are called a couple, two who create litigation are called a couple, two who make assertions are called a couple, two who converse are called a couple; even so because it is a practice of two who are lustful, impassioned, corrupted, obsessed, with minds possessed, for this reason it is called sexual intercourse.

For one devoted to sexual intercourse. For one who is devoted to, applied to, yoked to, fully yoked to, practising, much engaged in, intent on, slanting towards, sloping towards, inclining towards, disposed towards, under the authority of sexual intercourse - for one devoted to sexual intercourse.

[said the Venerable Tissa Metteyya] Thus is the connection of terms, the bonding of terms, the fulfilment of terms, the combination of syllables, the smoothness of phrasing, the progressive sequence - thus. 'Venerable' is an endearing word, a respectful word, a reverential word, a deferential word - venerable. 'Tissa' is that elder's name, term, designation, description, expression, name, naming, denomination, language, phrasing, manner of speaking. 'Metteyya' is that elder's clan name, term, designation, description, expression - said the Venerable Tissa Metteyya.

Tell me of the vexation, friend. 'Vexation': tell, explain, teach, proclaim, establish, disclose, analyse, make clear, reveal the vexation, oppression, crushing, hurting, calamity, trouble. 'Friend' is an endearing word, a respectful word, a reverential word, a deferential word - tell me of the vexation, friend.

Having heard your teaching. Having heard, listened to, learned, considered, and observed your word, way, teaching, instruction and advice - having heard your teaching.

We will train in seclusion. Seclusion means three kinds of seclusion - bodily seclusion, mental seclusion, and seclusion from acquisitions. What is bodily seclusion? Here a monk resorts to a secluded lodging: a forest, the root of a tree, a mountain, a ravine, a hillside cave, a charnel ground, a jungle thicket, an open space, or a heap of straw. He dwells secluded in body. He goes alone, stands alone, sits alone, lies down alone, enters the village for alms alone, returns alone, sits in seclusion alone, walks up and down alone, walks alone, dwells alone, moves alone, conducts himself alone, maintains himself alone, lives alone - this is bodily seclusion.

What is mental seclusion? For one who has attained the first meditative absorption, the mind is secluded from hindrances, for one who has attained the second meditative absorption, the mind is secluded from thought and examination, for one who has attained the third meditative absorption, the mind is secluded from rapture, for one who has attained the fourth meditative absorption, the mind is secluded from pleasure and pain, for one who has attained the base of the infinity of space, the mind is secluded from perception of form, perception of sensory impingement, and perception of diversity, for one who has attained the base of infinite consciousness, the mind is secluded from perception of the base of the infinity of space, for one who has attained the base of nothingness, the mind is secluded from perception of the base of infinite consciousness, for one who has attained the base of neither-perception-nor-non-perception, the mind is secluded from perception of the base of nothingness, for a stream-enterer, the mind is secluded from identity view, doubt, adherence to rules and vows, the underlying tendency to views, the underlying tendency to doubt, and from defilements associated with these, for a once-returner, the mind is secluded from gross fetters of sensual lust and aversion, gross underlying tendencies to sensual lust and aversion, and from defilements associated with these, for a non-returner, the mind is secluded from residual fetters of sensual lust and aversion, residual underlying tendencies to sensual lust and aversion, and from defilements associated with these, for a Worthy One, the mind is secluded from lust for form and formless, conceit, restlessness, ignorance, the underlying tendency to conceit, the underlying tendency to lust for existence, the underlying tendency to ignorance, from defilements associated with these, and externally from all signs - this is seclusion of mind.

What is seclusion from acquisitions? Acquisitions are called defilements, aggregates and volitional formations. The seclusion from acquisitions is called the Deathless, Nibbāna. That which is the stilling of all formations, the relinquishment of all acquisitions, the destruction of craving, dispassion, cessation, Nibbāna - this is seclusion from acquisitions. Bodily seclusion is for those with secluded bodies who delight in renunciation; mental seclusion is for those with purified minds who have attained supreme cleansing; and seclusion from acquisitions is for individuals without acquisitions who have gone beyond formations. We will train in seclusion. That elder was one who had trained in the training by nature. However, based on the teaching of the Teaching, making the teaching heard, he spoke thus - we will train in seclusion.

Therefore the elder Tissa Metteyya said -

50.

For one devoted to sexual intercourse. Sexual intercourse means that which is against the Teaching, a village practice, a vile practice, inertia, requiring water, secret, a dyad attainment. Why is it called sexual intercourse? Because it is a practice of two who are lustful, impassioned, corrupted, obsessed, with minds possessed, for this reason it is called sexual intercourse. Just as two who create quarrels are called a couple, two who create strife are called a couple, two who create arguments are called a couple, two who create disputes are called a couple, two who create litigation are called a couple, two who make assertions are called a couple, two who converse are called a couple; even so because it is a practice of two who are lustful, impassioned, corrupted, obsessed, with minds possessed, for this reason it is called sexual intercourse.

For one devoted to sexual intercourse. For one who is devoted to, applied to, yoked to, fully yoked to, practising, much engaged in, intent on, slanting towards, sloping towards, inclining towards, disposed towards, under the authority of sexual intercourse - for one devoted to sexual intercourse.

The Blessed One addressed that elder by his clan name, Metteyya. "Blessed One" is a designation of reverence. Moreover, "Blessed One" because he has destroyed lust, "Blessed One" because he has destroyed hatred, "Blessed One" because he has destroyed delusion, "Blessed One" because he has destroyed conceit, "Blessed One" because he has destroyed views, "Blessed One" because he has destroyed the thorn, "Blessed One" because he has destroyed defilements, "Blessed One" because he divided, analysed and classified the jewel of the Teaching, "Blessed One" because he makes an end of existences, "Blessed One" because he has developed body, developed virtue, developed mind, developed wisdom, "Blessed One" because he resorted to remote forest and woodland dwellings that are secluded, with little noise, little sound, with an atmosphere of privacy, hidden from people, suitable for seclusion, "Blessed One" because he is one who shares in robes, almsfood, lodging, and medicinal requisites, "Blessed One" because he is one who shares in the taste of meaning, taste of Teaching, taste of liberation, higher virtuous behaviour, higher mind, and higher wisdom, "Blessed One" because he is one who shares in the four meditations, the four measureless states, the four formless attainments, "Blessed One" because he is one who shares in the eight deliverances, the eight bases for transcendence, the nine progressive dwelling attainments, "Blessed One" because he is one who shares in the ten perceptions, the ten kasiṇa attainments, concentration through mindfulness of breathing, and the attainment of foulness, "Blessed One" because he is one who shares in the four establishments of mindfulness, the four right strivings, the four bases for spiritual power, the five faculties, the five powers, the seven enlightenment factors, the Noble Eightfold Path, "Blessed One" because he is one who shares in the ten powers of a The Truth Finder, the four grounds of self-confidence, the four analytical knowledges, the six direct knowledges, and the six qualities of a Buddha. "Blessed One" - this name was not made by mother, not made by father, not made by brother, not made by sister, not made by friends and companions, not made by relatives and blood relations, not made by ascetics and brahmins, not made by deities. This is the final liberation, the designation realized by the Blessed Ones, the Buddhas, together with the attainment of omniscient knowledge at the foot of the Bodhi tree, namely "Blessed One" - "Metteyya" means the Blessed One.

And neglects the Dispensation. Due to two reasons the Dispensation is forgotten - the Dispensation of learning is forgotten, and the Dispensation of practice is forgotten. What is the Dispensation of learning? That which is learned - the discourses, mixed prose and verse, explanations, verses, inspired utterances, quotations, birth stories, marvellous accounts, and questions-and-answers - this is the Dispensation of learning. That too is forgotten, completely forgotten, lost, completely lost, one becomes an outsider - thus too the Dispensation is forgotten.

What is the Dispensation of practice? Right practice, practice in accordance, practice that is not contrary, practice that is beneficial, practice in accordance with the Teaching, complete fulfilment in virtuous behaviour, guarding the doors of the faculties, moderation in eating, devotion to wakefulness, mindfulness and clear comprehension, the four foundations of mindfulness, the four right strivings, the four bases for spiritual power, the five faculties, the five powers, the seven enlightenment factors, the Noble Eightfold Path - this is the teaching of practice. That too is forgotten, completely forgotten, lost, completely lost, one becomes an outsider - thus too the Dispensation is forgotten.

And one practises wrongly. One kills living beings, takes what is not given, breaks into houses, plunders wealth, commits burglary, ambushes people on highways, goes to others' wives, and speaks falsely - and practises wrongly.

This is ignoble in that person. This is an ignoble state in that person, a state of fools, a state of the deluded, a state of not knowing, a state of eel-wriggling, that is, wrong practice - this is ignoble in that person.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

51.

Having formerly lived alone means: Having formerly lived alone for two reasons - either in the sense of going forth or in the sense of separation from the group. How is it having formerly lived alone in the sense of going forth? Having cut off all impediments of living in a house, having cut off impediments of children and wife, having cut off impediments of relatives, having cut off impediments of friends and companions, having cut off impediments of storing, having shaved off hair and beard, having put on ochre robes, having gone forth from home into homelessness, having reached the state of owning nothing, one walks, dwells, moves, conducts oneself, maintains oneself, sustains oneself alone. Thus having formerly lived alone in the sense of going forth.

How is it having formerly lived alone in the sense of separation from the group? Having thus gone forth, he resorts to remote lodgings in forests and woodland thickets that are quiet, with little noise, far from the crowds, secluded from people, and suitable for meditation. He goes alone, stands alone, sits alone, lies down alone, enters the village for alms alone, returns alone, sits in seclusion alone, walks up and down alone, walks alone, dwells alone, moves alone, conducts himself alone, maintains himself alone, lives alone. Thus having formerly lived alone in the sense of separation from the group.

One who indulges in sexual intercourse. Sexual intercourse means that which is against the Teaching...etc... for this reason it is called sexual intercourse. One who indulges in sexual intercourse. One who at a later time, having rejected the Buddha, the Teaching, the Community and the training, and returned to what is inferior, engages in, indulges in, pursues, practises sexual intercourse - one who indulges in sexual intercourse.

Like a broken chariot in the world. Vehicle means: an elephant vehicle, horse vehicle, cattle vehicle, goat vehicle, ram vehicle, camel vehicle, donkey vehicle that is broken, untamed, untrained, undisciplined takes the wrong path, climbs over uneven stumps and stones, breaks both the vehicle and the rider, and falls into precipices. Just as that broken vehicle, untamed, untrained, undisciplined takes the wrong path; even so that deranged one, like a broken vehicle, takes the wrong path, takes wrong view...etc... takes wrong concentration. Just as that broken vehicle, untamed, untrained, undisciplined climbs over uneven stumps and stones; even so that deranged one, like a broken vehicle, climbs into unrighteous bodily action, climbs into unrighteous verbal action, climbs into unrighteous mental action, climbs into unrighteous destruction of life, climbs into unrighteous taking what is not given, climbs into unrighteous sexual misconduct, climbs into unrighteous false speech, climbs into unrighteous divisive speech, climbs into unrighteous harsh speech, climbs into unrighteous idle chatter, climbs into unrighteous covetousness, climbs into unrighteous ill will, climbs into unrighteous wrong view, climbs into unrighteous formations, climbs into unrighteous five cords of sensual pleasure, climbs into unrighteous hindrances. Just as that broken vehicle, untamed, untrained, undisciplined breaks both the vehicle and the rider; even so that deranged one, like a broken vehicle, breaks oneself in hell, breaks oneself in the animal realm, breaks oneself in the domain of ghosts, breaks oneself in the human world, breaks oneself in the world of deities. Just as that broken vehicle, untamed, untrained, undisciplined falls into precipices; even so that deranged one, like a broken vehicle, flees into the precipice of birth, flees into the precipice of aging, flees into the precipice of sickness, flees into the precipice of death, flees into the precipice of sorrow, lamentation, pain, displeasure, and despair. World: in the world of misery, in the human world - like a broken chariot in the world.

That worldling is called inferior. "Worldling": in what sense are they worldlings? They are worldlings because they generate numerous defilements, they are worldlings because they have not destroyed identity view, they are worldlings because they look up to numerous teachers, they are worldlings because they have not risen up from all destinations, they are worldlings because they form numerous volitional formations, they are worldlings because they are carried away by numerous floods, they are worldlings because they are tormented by numerous torments, they are worldlings because they are consumed by numerous fevers of passion, they are worldlings because they are impassioned, greedy, tied, infatuated, blindly absorbed, stuck, attached, and hindered regarding the five cords of sensual pleasure, they are worldlings because they are hindered, obstructed, covered, concealed, and closed off by the five hindrances. That worldling is called inferior. They say thus, speak thus, declare thus, explain thus, express thus - that a worldling is low, inferior, base, mean, worthless, limited - that worldling is called inferior.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

52.

Whatever fame and renown he had before, that deteriorates for him. What is fame? Here someone previously in the state of an ascetic was honoured, respected, revered, venerated and esteemed, and was a recipient of robes, almsfood, lodgings and medicinal requisites - this is fame. What is renown? Here someone previously in the state of an ascetic was renowned and praised as wise, competent, intelligent, learned, a brilliant speaker, of ready wit - or "an expert in the discourses," or "an expert in the discipline," or "a speaker on the Teaching," or "a forest-dweller," or "one who lives on almsfood," or "a wearer of rag-robes," or "a wearer of three robes," or "one who goes on uninterrupted almsround," or "one who eats one meal," or "one who practices the sitting meditation," or "one who sleeps wherever I lay my mat," or "one who gains the first meditation," or "one who gains the second meditation," or "one who gains the third meditation," or "one who gains the fourth meditation," or "one who gains the attainment of the base of infinite space," or "one who gains the attainment of the base of infinite consciousness," or "one who gains the attainment of the base of nothingness," or "one who gains the attainment of neither-perception-nor-non-perception," this is renown - whatever fame and renown he had before.

That deteriorates for him. At a later time, when he has rejected the Buddha, the Teaching, the Community and the training, and returned to what is inferior, that fame and that renown of his diminishes, deteriorates, decays, falls away, disappears and breaks up - Whatever fame and renown he had before, that deteriorates for him.

Having seen this too, one should train to abandon sexual intercourse. This means: previously in the state of being an ascetic there was fame and renown, and afterwards having rejected the Buddha, the Teaching, the Community and the training, and returned to what is inferior, there was infamy and disrepute; this success and failure. Having seen means: having observed, having weighed, having judged, having understood, having made clear - having seen this too. Should train means the three trainings - training in higher virtuous behaviour, training in higher mind, training in higher wisdom. What is training in higher virtuous behaviour? Here, a monk is virtuous, dwells restrained by the restraint of the code of monastic rules, possessed of proper conduct and resort, seeing danger in the slightest faults, trains in the training rules he has undertaken. The small aggregate of virtuous behaviour, the great aggregate of virtuous behaviour. Virtue as support, beginning, conduct, self-control, restraint, gateway, foremost for the attainment of wholesome states - this is the training in higher virtuous behaviour.

What is the training in higher mind? Here a monk, quite secluded from sensual pleasures, secluded from unwholesome states, enters and dwells in the first meditative absorption, which is accompanied by thought and examination, with rapture and happiness born of seclusion...etc... second meditative absorption... third meditative absorption... enters and dwells in the fourth meditative absorption - this is the training in higher mind.

What is the training in higher wisdom? Here a monk is wise, endowed with the wisdom that sees the rise and fall of phenomena, which is noble and penetrative, leading to the complete destruction of suffering. He understands as it really is 'This is suffering', he understands as it really is 'This is the origin of suffering', he understands as it really is 'This is the cessation of suffering', he understands as it really is 'This is the way leading to the cessation of suffering', he understands as they really are 'These are the taints', he understands as it really is 'This is the origin of the taints', he understands as it really is 'This is the cessation of the taints', he understands as it really is 'This is the way leading to the cessation of the taints' - this is the training in higher wisdom. Sexual intercourse means that which is against the Teaching...etc... for this reason it is called sexual intercourse.

Having seen this too, one should train to abandon sexual intercourse. For the abandoning, subsiding, relinquishment, and tranquillization of sexual intercourse, one should train in higher virtuous behaviour, higher mind, and higher wisdom. One should train while reflecting on these three trainings, train while knowing, train while seeing, train while reviewing, train while resolving the mind, train while being intent through faith, train while rousing energy, train while establishing mindfulness, train while concentrating the mind, train while understanding with wisdom, train while directly knowing what should be directly known, train while fully understanding what should be fully understood, train while abandoning what should be abandoned, train while developing what should be developed, train while realising what should be realised - one should practise, conduct oneself, and proceed having undertaken them - having seen this too, one should train to abandon sexual intercourse.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

53.

Overcome by intentions, he meditates like a wretch. Touched by, overcome by, confused by, possessed by, enclosed by sensual intention, intention of ill will, intention of harmfulness, intention of views, like a wretch, like a fool, like one deluded, he meditates, meditates deeply, meditates upon, meditates wrongly. Just as an owl on a tree branch seeking a mouse meditates, meditates deeply, meditates upon, meditates wrongly, just as a jackal on a riverbank seeking fish meditates, meditates deeply, meditates upon, meditates wrongly, just as a cat by a drain or a heap of rubbish seeking a mouse meditates, meditates deeply, meditates upon, meditates wrongly, just as a donkey freed from its burden by a drain or a heap of rubbish meditates, meditates deeply, meditates upon, meditates wrongly; even so that deranged one, touched by, overcome by, confused by, possessed by, enclosed by sensual intention, intention of ill will, intention of harmfulness, intention of views, like a wretch, like a fool, like one deluded, meditates, meditates deeply, meditates upon, meditates wrongly - overcome by intentions, he meditates like a wretch.

Having heard the sound of others, such a one becomes downcast. "Others" means: preceptors or teachers or those who share the same preceptor or those who share the same teacher or friends or acquaintances or companions or associates admonish: "Friend, it is a loss for you, it is ill-gained by you, that having obtained such an excellent teacher, having gone forth in such a well-expounded Teaching and discipline, having obtained such a noble group, you have rejected the Buddha, the Teaching, the Community and the training, and returned to what is inferior for the sake of low sexual intercourse. You had no faith in wholesome qualities, you had no sense of shame in wholesome qualities, you had no fear of wrongdoing in wholesome qualities, you had no energy in wholesome qualities, you had no mindfulness in wholesome qualities, you had no wisdom in wholesome qualities." Having heard, listened to, learned, considered, and observed their word, way, teaching, instruction and advice, he becomes downcast, afflicted, disturbed, ill and dejected. "Such a one" means one like that, established thus, of such a kind, of such a nature. He who has left the Order - having heard the sound of others, such a one becomes downcast.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

54.

Then he makes weapons, urged on by others' doctrines. Thus is the connection of terms, the bonding of terms, the fulfilment of terms, the combination of syllables, the smoothness of phrasing, the progressive sequence - thus. Weapons means three weapons - the bodily weapon, the verbal weapon, and the mental weapon. The threefold bodily misconduct is the bodily weapon, the fourfold verbal misconduct is the verbal weapon, the threefold mental misconduct is the mental weapon. Urged on by others' doctrines. Being urged by preceptors or teachers or fellow preceptors or fellow teachers or friends or acquaintances or companions or associates, he speaks a deliberate lie while clearly comprehending. "Venerable Sir, I was delighted in the going forth. My mother needs to be supported, therefore I have left." "My father needs to be supported, therefore I have left," he says. "My brother needs to be supported... my sister needs to be supported... my son needs to be supported... my daughter needs to be supported... my friends need to be supported... my ministers need to be supported... my relatives need to be supported... my kinsmen need to be supported, therefore I have left," he says. He makes, produces, generates, brings forth, creates the verbal weapon - then he makes weapons, urged on by others' doctrines.

This indeed is his great greed. This is his great greed, great forest, great thicket, great wilderness, great unrighteousness, great crookedness, great mire, great swamp, great hindrance, great bondage, namely deliberate false speech - this indeed is his great greed.

He plunges into false speech. False speech is called lying. Here, someone when brought to a council, assembly, midst of relatives, guild, or royal court and questioned as a witness: 'Come, good man, tell what you know,' not knowing he says 'I know,' or knowing he says 'I do not know,' not seeing he says 'I see,' or seeing he says 'I do not see.' Thus for his own sake or for another's sake or for some small material reward he speaks deliberate falsehood - this is called false speech.

Moreover, false speech occurs in three aspects. Before it occurs to him - "I will speak falsely," while speaking it occurs to him - "I am speaking falsely," after speaking it occurs to him - "I spoke falsely." False speech occurs in these three aspects. Moreover, false speech occurs in four aspects. Before it occurs to him - "I will speak falsely," while speaking it occurs to him - "I am speaking falsely," after speaking it occurs to him - "I spoke falsely," misrepresenting what was seen. False speech occurs in these four aspects. Moreover, in five aspects... in six aspects... in seven aspects... false speech occurs in eight aspects. Before it occurs to him - "I will speak falsely," while speaking it occurs to him - "I am speaking falsely," after speaking it occurs to him - "I spoke falsely," misrepresenting what was seen, misrepresenting conviction, misrepresenting personal preference, misrepresenting perception, misrepresenting existence. False speech occurs in these eight aspects. He plunges into false speech. He plunges, dives, sinks into, enters into false speech - he plunges into false speech.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

55.

Known as a wise person: Here someone previously in the state of an ascetic was renowned and praised - "He is wise, competent, intelligent, learned, a brilliant speaker, of ready wit, or an expert in the discourses, or an expert in the discipline, or a speaker on the Teaching...etc... or one who gains the attainment of neither-perception-nor-non-perception." Thus he is known, renowned, and recognized - known as a wise person.

Established in a certain practice: For two reasons he is determined on going alone - either in the sense of going forth or in the sense of separation from the group. How is he determined on going alone in the sense of going forth? Having cut off all impediments of living in a house...etc... thus he is determined on going alone in the sense of going forth. How is he determined on going alone in the sense of separation from the group? Having thus gone forth, he resorts to remote lodgings in forests and woodland thickets...etc... thus he is determined on going alone in the sense of separation from the group - determined on going alone.

But if he is engaged in sexual intercourse. Sexual intercourse means that which is against the Teaching, a village practice...etc... for this reason it is called sexual intercourse. But if he is engaged in sexual intercourse. One who at a later time, having rejected the Buddha, the Teaching, the Community and the training, and returned to what is inferior, is engaged in, involved in, yoked to, connected with sexual intercourse - but if he is engaged in sexual intercourse.

he suffers like a fool. Like a wretch, like a fool, like one deluded, one is afflicted, greatly afflicted, thoroughly afflicted. One kills living beings, takes what is not given, breaks into houses, plunders wealth, commits burglary, ambushes people on highways, goes to others' wives, and speaks falsely. Thus too one is afflicted, greatly afflicted, thoroughly afflicted. Having caught them, kings inflict various punishments - beating them with whips, beating them with canes, beating them with clubs, cutting off their hands, cutting off their feet, cutting off their hands and feet, cutting off their ears, cutting off their nose, cutting off their ears and nose, subjecting them to the porridge pot, the polished-shell shave, the Rāhu's mouth, the fiery garland, the flaming hand, the grass-duty, the bark-dress, the antelope, the meat-hooks, the coin-gouging, the caustic pickling, the pivoting pin, the rolled-up palliasse, pouring hot oil over them, having them devoured by dogs, impaling them alive on stakes, cutting off their head with a sword. Thus too one is afflicted, greatly afflicted, thoroughly afflicted.

Or else, overcome by craving for sensual pleasures, with a mind completely obsessed, seeking wealth, one ventures out to sea in a ship, being afflicted by cold, afflicted by heat, suffering from contact with gadflies, mosquitoes, wind, sun, and reptiles, dying from hunger and thirst, one goes to Tigumba, goes to Takkola, goes to Takkasīla, goes to Kālamukha, goes to Purapūra, goes to Vesuṅga, goes to Verāpatha, goes to Java, goes to Tāmali, goes to Vaṅga, goes to Eḷabandhana, goes to Suvaṇṇakūṭa, goes to Suvaṇṇabhūmi, goes to Tambapāṇi, goes to Suppādaka, goes to Bhārukaccha, goes to Suraṭṭha, goes to Bhaṅgaloka, goes to Bhaṅgaṇa, goes to the Saramata group, goes to Yona, goes to Paramayona, goes to Vinaka, goes to Mūlapada, goes to Marukantāra, goes to Jaṇṇupatha, goes to Ajapatha, goes to Meṇḍapatha, goes to Saṅkupatha, goes to Chattapatha, goes to Vaṃsapatha, goes to Sakuṇapatha, goes to Mūsikapatha, goes to Daripatha, goes to Vettācāra. Thus too one is afflicted, greatly afflicted, thoroughly afflicted.

Not finding what one searches for, one experiences pain and displeasure born of not gaining. Thus too one is afflicted, greatly afflicted, thoroughly afflicted.

Finding what one searches for, having gained it, one experiences pain and displeasure born of protecting it - 'May my possessions not be taken by kings, not be taken by thieves, not be burnt by fire, not be carried away by water, not be taken by unloved heirs.' Even though he guards and protects those possessions thus, they are destroyed. He experiences pain and displeasure born of separation. Thus too one is afflicted, greatly afflicted, thoroughly afflicted - but if he is engaged in sexual intercourse, he suffers like a fool.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

56.

Having known this danger, a sage in the earlier and later here means: This means: previously in the state of being an ascetic there was fame and renown, and afterwards having rejected the Buddha, the Teaching, the Community and the training, and returned to what is inferior, there was infamy and disrepute; this success and failure. Having known means: having understood, having weighed, having judged, having understood, having made clear. A sage. Knowledge is called sageship. That which is wisdom, understanding... etc... that sage who has overcome the net of attachments. Here means: in this view, in this conviction, in this personal preference, in this belief, in this Teaching, in this discipline, in this Teaching and discipline, in this doctrine, in this holy life, in this Teacher's Dispensation, in this individual existence, in this human world - having known this danger, a sage in the earlier and later here.

Should firmly undertake a certain practice means: For two reasons he would make going alone firm - either in the sense of going forth or in the sense of separation from the group. How would he make going alone firm in the sense of going forth? Having cut off all impediments of living in a house, having cut off impediments of children and wife, having cut off impediments of relatives, having cut off impediments of friends and companions, having cut off impediments of storing, having shaved off hair and beard, having put on ochre robes, having gone forth from home into homelessness, having reached the state of owning nothing, one should live, dwell, behave, continue, guard, maintain, sustain alone. Thus he would make going alone firm in the sense of going forth.

How would he make going alone firm in the sense of separation from the group? Having thus gone forth, he would resort to remote lodgings in forests and woodland thickets that are quiet, with little noise, far from the crowds, secluded from people, and suitable for meditation. He would go alone, would stand alone, would sit alone, would lie down alone, would enter the village for alms alone, would return alone, would sit in seclusion alone, would walk up and down alone, would walk alone, would dwell alone, would move alone, would conduct himself alone, would maintain himself alone, would live alone. Thus he would make going alone firm in the sense of separation from the group - would make going alone firm, would make it steady, would be firmly resolved, would be steadily resolved in wholesome states - should firmly undertake going alone.

Should not engage in sexual intercourse. Sexual intercourse means that which is against the Teaching, a village practice...etc... for this reason it is called sexual intercourse. One should not engage in, should not pursue, should not follow, should not practise sexual intercourse, should not practise, should not conduct oneself, should not lead one's life having undertaken it - should not engage in sexual intercourse.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

57.

One should train in seclusion means: Seclusion means three kinds of seclusion - bodily seclusion, mental seclusion, and seclusion from acquisitions. What is bodily seclusion... etc... this is seclusion from acquisitions. Bodily seclusion is for those with secluded bodies who delight in renunciation. Mental seclusion is for those with purified minds who have attained supreme cleansing. And seclusion from acquisitions is for individuals without acquisitions who have gone beyond formations. Training means three trainings - training in higher virtuous behaviour, training in higher mind, training in higher wisdom... etc... this is the training in higher wisdom. "One should train in seclusion" means one should train, practise, conduct oneself, and proceed having undertaken seclusion - one should train in seclusion.

This is supreme for the noble ones. The noble ones are called the Enlightened Ones and the disciples of the Enlightened One and the privately enlightened ones. This is foremost, best, distinguished, supreme, highest, and superior of the noble ones, that is, living in seclusion - this is the highest of the noble ones.

One should not conceive oneself superior because of that. One should not create elevation due to living in bodily seclusion, should not create pride, should not create conceit, should not create obstinacy, should not create obstinacy, should not generate conceit because of that, should not because of that be rigid, stiffened, with head held high - one should not conceive oneself superior because of that.

One indeed is close to Nibbāna. He is close to Nibbāna, in the vicinity, near, not far, approaching - one indeed is close to Nibbāna.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

58.

The empty sage who wanders: Empty, secluded, and withdrawn, empty, secluded, and withdrawn from bodily misconduct. From misconduct of speech...etc... from misconduct of mind... from lust... from hatred... from delusion... from anger... from resentment... from contempt... from insolence... of envy... from miserliness... of deceit... from fraud... from obstinacy... from rivalry... from conceit... from arrogance... from vanity... from negligence... from all defilements... from all misconduct... from all anguish... from all passion... from all disturbance... empty, secluded, and withdrawn from all unwholesome volitional formations. Of the sage means: Knowledge is called sageship...etc... that sage who has overcome the net of attachments. Wanders means: wanders, dwells, moves, behaves, guards, maintains, lives on. of the empty sage who wanders.

Without regard for sensual pleasures means: "Sensual pleasures" in brief are twofold - objects of sensual pleasure and defilements of sensual pleasure... etc... these are called objective sensual pleasures... etc... these are called defiling sensual pleasures. Having fully understood material sensual pleasures and having abandoned, given up, dispelled, terminated and obliterated sensual desire, without regard for sensual pleasures, having given up sensual pleasure, having vomited sensual pleasure, having released sensual pleasure, having abandoned sensual pleasure, having relinquished sensual pleasure, free from lust, having given up lust, having vomited lust, having released lust, having abandoned lust, having relinquished lust, without hunger, quenched, become cool, experiencing happiness, dwelling with a self become divine - without regard for sensual pleasures.

The generation attached to sensual pleasures long for one who has crossed the flood. Generation is a designation for beings - generation impassioned, greedy, tied, infatuated, blindly absorbed, stuck, attached, and hindered regarding sensual pleasures. They wish for, approve of, long for, yearn for, and pray for one who has crossed the flood of sensual pleasure, crossed the flood of existence, crossed the flood of views, crossed the flood of ignorance, crossed the path of all formations, gone beyond, completely gone beyond, transcended, completely transcended, passed beyond, gone to the far shore, reached the far shore, gone to the end, reached the end, gone to the peak, reached the peak, gone to the limit, reached the limit, gone to completion, reached completion, gone to shelter, reached shelter, gone to refuge, reached refuge, gone to safety, reached safety, gone to the imperishable, reached the imperishable, gone to the Deathless, reached the Deathless, gone to Nibbāna, reached Nibbāna. Just as debtors long for freedom from debt, just as the sick long for health, just as those imprisoned in bondage long for release from bondage, just as slaves long for freedom, just as travelers on a desert road long for safe ground; even so the generation impassioned, greedy, tied, infatuated, blindly absorbed, stuck, attached, and hindered regarding sensual pleasures - they who have crossed the flood of sensual pleasure, crossed the flood of existence...etc... gone to Nibbāna, reached Nibbāna, they wish for, approve of, long for, yearn for, and pray for - The generation attached to sensual pleasures long for one who has crossed the flood.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

The Exposition of the Discourse to Tissa Metteyya is seventh.

8.

Exposition of the Discourse to Pasūra

Now he will speak the Exposition of the Discourse to Pasūra -

59.

They declare purity is right here. They speak, tell, say, explain, express purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation right here. 'The world is eternal, this alone is true and everything else is false' - they speak, tell, say, explain, express purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation. 'The world is not eternal... The world is finite... 'The world is infinite... 'The soul is the same as the body... 'The soul is one thing and the body another... 'The Truth Finder exists after death... 'The Truth Finder does not exist after death... 'The Truth Finder both exists and does not exist after death... 'The Truth Finder neither exists nor does not exist after death, this alone is true and everything else is false' - they speak, tell, say, explain, express purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation - they declare purity is right here.

They do not speak of purification in other teachings. Having established one's own teacher, doctrine, community, view, way and path, they throw away, toss away, cast away all other doctrines. "That teacher is not omniscient, the Teaching is not well-proclaimed, the group is not practising well, the view is not good, the way is not well-described, the path is not leading out, there is neither purity nor purification nor complete purification nor freedom nor liberation nor complete liberation here, they neither become pure nor purified nor completely purified nor freed nor liberated nor completely liberated there, they are low, inferior, mean, base, worthless, limited" - They said thus, say thus, speak thus, declare thus, explain thus, express thus - they do not speak of purification in other teachings.

Based upon which they speak of beauty. Based upon which means: dependent on, based upon, attached to, approached, clung to, disposed to whatever teacher, doctrine, community, view, way and path. "There" means: in one's own view, in one's own conviction, in one's own personal preference, in one's own belief. Speak of beauty means: speakers of beauty, speakers of excellence, speakers of wisdom, speakers of firmness, speakers of method, speakers of cause, speakers of characteristic, speakers of reason, speakers of possibility, according to their own belief - based upon which they speak of beauty there.

Settled in their individual truths. Many ascetics and brahmins are settled, established, adhered to, gone to, consumed by, disposed to their individual truths. 'The world is eternal, this alone is true and everything else is false' - they are settled, established, adhered to, gone to, consumed by, disposed to. 'The world is not eternal...etc... 'The Truth Finder neither exists nor does not exist after death, this alone is true and everything else is false' - they are settled, established, adhered to, gone to, consumed by, disposed to - settled in their individual truths.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

60.

Desiring debate they enter the assembly means: Desiring debate means they desire debate, want debate, aim at debate, put debate first, going about searching for debate. Enter the assembly means having entered, plunged into, descended into, gone into an assembly of nobles, an assembly of brahmins, an assembly of householders, an assembly of ascetics - desiring debate they enter the assembly.

They regard each other mutually as fools means: Mutually means: two people, two creators of strife, two creators of quarrels, two creators of arguments, two creators of disputes, two creators of litigation, two debaters, two conversationalists; they regard, see, observe, look at, contemplate, examine each other as foolish, low, inferior, deficient, mean, worthless, insignificant - they regard each other mutually as fools.

Dependent on others they speak contentious talk. Dependent on, based upon, attached to, approached, clung to, disposed to another teacher, doctrine, community, view, way and path. Contentious talk means quarrel, argument, dispute, conflict, strife. Or contentious talk means worthless talk without essence, they speak, tell, say, explain, express contentious talk, quarrel, argument, dispute, conflict, strife - dependent on others they speak contentious talk.

Desiring praise they claim to be skilled. Desiring praise means: desiring praise, wanting praise, intending praise, putting praise first, moving about seeking praise. Claim to be skilled means: speakers of skill, speakers of wisdom, speakers of firmness, speakers of method, speakers of cause, speakers of characteristic, speakers of reason, speakers of possibility, according to their own belief - desiring praise they claim to be skilled.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

61.

Engaged in talk in the midst of the assembly. In the midst of an assembly of nobles, or an assembly of brahmins, or an assembly of householders, or an assembly of ascetics, he is engaged in, involved in, yoked to, connected with, joined to speaking his own talk - engaged in talk in the midst of the assembly.

Wishing for praise he becomes dejected. Wishing for praise means desiring, approving, longing for, coveting, yearning for praise, appreciation, fame, commendation. He becomes dejected means even before the discussion he becomes doubtful and dejected. "Will I be victorious, will I be defeated, how will I make a refutation, how will I make a counter-argument, how will I make a distinction, how will I make a counter-distinction, how will I make an entanglement, how will I make a disentanglement, how will I make a cutting off, how will I make a circular argument" - thus even before the discussion he becomes doubtful and dejected - wishing for praise he becomes dejected.

But when rejected he becomes dejected. Those who are questioners, investigators in the assembly, members of the assembly, debaters, they reject. "It was spoken devoid of meaning" - thus they reject regarding the meaning, "It was spoken devoid of phrasing" - thus they reject regarding the phrasing, "It was spoken devoid of meaning and phrasing" - thus they reject regarding meaning and phrasing, "Your meaning is wrongly inferred, your phrasing is wrongly applied, your meaning and phrasing are wrongly inferred and wrongly applied, your refutation is not done, your counter-argument is badly made, your distinction is not made, your counter-distinction is badly made, your unravelling is not done, your disentangling is badly done, your cutting off is not done, your rounding off is badly done, unrighteous talk, badly spoken, badly uttered, badly stated, badly said, badly expressed" - thus they reject. But when rejected he becomes dejected. When rejected he becomes dejected, afflicted, disturbed, ill and dejected - but when rejected he becomes dejected.

He becomes angry at blame, seeking faults. At blame, censure, dishonour and dispraise, one becomes annoyed, angry, stubborn, and shows anger, hatred and displeasure - he becomes angry at blame. Seeking faults means seeking mistakes, seeking errors, seeking blunders, seeking slips, seeking gaps - he becomes angry at blame, seeking faults.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

62.

"They say his doctrine has deteriorated" means that his doctrine is low, inferior, deteriorated, diminished, not fulfilled, they said thus, spoke thus, declared thus, explained thus, expressed thus - they say his doctrine has deteriorated.

"Rejected among the questioners" means: Those who are questioners, investigators in the assembly, members of the assembly, debaters, they reject. "It was spoken devoid of meaning" - thus they reject regarding the meaning, "It was spoken devoid of phrasing" - thus they reject regarding the phrasing, "It was spoken devoid of meaning and phrasing" - thus they reject regarding meaning and phrasing, "Your meaning is wrongly inferred, your phrasing is wrongly applied, your meaning and phrasing are wrongly inferred and wrongly applied, your refutation is not done, your counter-argument is badly made, your distinction is not made, your counter-distinction is badly made, your unravelling is not done, your disentangling is badly done, your cutting off is not done, your rounding off is badly done, unrighteous talk, badly spoken, badly uttered, badly stated, badly said, badly expressed" - thus they reject - rejected among the questioners.

"The one of inferior doctrine laments and sorrows" means: He laments: "I had reflected on one thing, thought about another, considered another, observed another, he has a great faction, a great assembly, a great retinue; and this assembly is divided, not in harmony; due to the harmonious assembly, I will again break up the discussion," - whatever such talk, prattle, chatter, wailing, state of wailing, state of prattling - he laments. He sorrows: he sorrows "his victory," he sorrows "my defeat," he sorrows "his gain," he sorrows "my lack of gain," he sorrows "his fame," he sorrows "my lack of fame," he sorrows "his praise," he sorrows "my blame," he sorrows "his happiness," he sorrows "my suffering," he sorrows "he is honoured, respected, revered, venerated, esteemed, a recipient of robes, almsfood, lodgings and medicinal requisites, I am not honoured, not respected, not revered, not venerated, not esteemed, not a recipient of robes, almsfood, lodgings and medicinal requisites," he sorrows, becomes weary, laments, beats his breast, and falls into confusion - he laments and sorrows. One of inferior doctrine means: one of inferior doctrine, of lowly doctrine, of deteriorated doctrine, of diminished doctrine, not of fulfilled doctrine - he laments and sorrows, one of inferior doctrine.

"They surpassed me," he moans. He surpassed me in doctrine with doctrine, went beyond, transcended, completely transcended, passed beyond. Thus "they surpassed me." Or having overcome me in doctrine with doctrine, having overwhelmed, having exhausted, having crushed, he walks, dwells, moves, conducts himself, maintains himself, sustains himself. Thus "they surpassed me." Moaning means talk, prattle, chatter, wailing, state of wailing, state of prattling - "They surpassed me," he moans.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

63.

These disputes have arisen among ascetics: Ascetics: whoever outside of this have gone forth, have entered the life of wanderers. These conflicts of views, quarrels about views, disputes about views, arguments about views, contentions about views have arisen, been produced, originated, been originated, appeared among ascetics - these disputes have arisen among ascetics.

In these there is elation and dejection: There is victory and defeat, gain and loss, fame and obscurity, blame and praise, happiness and suffering, joy and displeasure, what is liked and disliked, attraction and aversion, elation and dejection, compliance and opposition, the mind is elated by victory and dejected by defeat, the mind is elated by gain and dejected by loss, the mind is elated by fame and dejected by obscurity, the mind is elated by praise and dejected by blame, the mind is elated by happiness and dejected by suffering, the mind is elated by joy and dejected by displeasure, the mind is elated by elevation and dejected by depression - in these there is elation and dejection.

Having seen this too, refrain from disputatious talk: Having seen this too means: having seen this danger, having observed, having weighed, having judged, having understood, having made clear regarding disputes of views, arguments about views, conflicts over views, disagreements about views, strife over views - having seen this too, refrain from disputatious talk. Contentious talk means quarrel, argument, dispute, conflict, strife. Or contentious talk means worthless talk without essence, one should not make contentious talk, should not make quarrel, should not make argument, should not make dispute, should not make conflict, should not make strife, should abandon, dispel, terminate, obliterate quarrel-argument-dispute-conflict-strife, should be aloof, abstained, refrained, gone forth, detached, freed, released, dwelling with a mind made unlimited from quarrel-argument-dispute-conflict-strife - having seen this too, refrain from disputatious talk.

For there is no other benefit than praise and gain. Apart from praise and gain, there is no other benefit - whether benefit for oneself or benefit for others or benefit for both, whether benefit pertaining to the present life or benefit pertaining to the future life, whether obvious benefit or profound benefit, whether hidden benefit or concealed benefit, whether benefit to be guided to or benefit already guided to, whether blameless benefit or taintless benefit, whether cleansing benefit or ultimate benefit - these do not exist, are not found, are not seen, are not obtained - for there is no other benefit than praise and gain.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

64.

Or he is praised there: "There" means: he is praised, commended, acclaimed, extolled in one's own view, in one's own conviction, in one's own personal preference, in one's own belief - or he is praised there.

Having declared his doctrine in the midst of the assembly: In the midst of an assembly of nobles, or an assembly of brahmins, or an assembly of householders, or an assembly of ascetics, having declared his own doctrine, having explained it, having declared his response, having explained it, having made it firm, having increased it, having illuminated it, having made it shine, having expressed it, having embraced it - having declared his doctrine in the midst of the assembly.

He laughs and becomes conceited because of that: Due to that victory he becomes glad, elated, joyful, self-satisfied, complete in intention. Or else he laughs showing his teeth. He laughs and becomes conceited because of that: due to that victory he becomes elevated, in a state of elevation, a flag, assumption, desire for a banner of the mind - he laughs and becomes conceited because of that.

Having achieved that purpose as his mind wished. Having achieved, attained, reached, found, and obtained that victory. As his mind wished: as his mind was, as his thought was, as his intention was, as his consciousness was - having achieved that purpose as his mind wished.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

65.

That elevation is his plane of vexation. Whatever elevation, state of elevation, flag, assumption, desire for a banner of the mind - whatever elevation. That is his plane of vexation means: that is his plane of vexation, plane of harm, plane of oppression, plane of striking, plane of disaster, plane of misfortune - that elevation is his plane of vexation.

And he speaks of conceit and arrogance. That person speaks of conceit and speaks of arrogance - and he speaks of conceit and arrogance.

Having seen this too, one should not dispute. Having seen this danger, having observed, having weighed, having judged, having understood, having made clear regarding disputes of views, arguments about views, conflicts over views, disagreements about views, strife over views - having seen this too. One should not dispute means: one should not make quarrel, should not make argument, should not make dispute, should not make conflict, should not make strife, should abandon, dispel, terminate, obliterate quarrel-argument-dispute-conflict-strife, should be aloof, abstained, refrained, gone forth, detached, freed, released, dwelling with a mind made unlimited from quarrel-argument-dispute-conflict-strife - having seen this too, one should not dispute.

For the wise do not declare purity through that. Skilled means those who are skilled in aggregates, skilled in elements, skilled in sense bases, skilled in dependent origination, skilled in foundations of mindfulness, skilled in right strivings, skilled in bases for spiritual power, skilled in faculties, skilled in powers, skilled in enlightenment factors, skilled in the path, skilled in fruition, skilled in Nibbāna, those skilled ones do not speak, tell, say, explain, or express purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation through quarrels about views, disputes about views, conflicts about views, controversies about views, injuries through views - For the wise do not declare purity through that.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

66.

Just as a warrior fed on royal food means: Warrior means one who is heroic, valiant, brave, not timid, not cowardly, not frightened, not ready to run. Fed on royal food means fed, nourished, sustained, raised on royal food and royal fare - just as a warrior fed on royal food.

Comes roaring seeking a rival warrior means: He comes, approaches, draws near, roaring, bellowing, thundering, seeking, approving, longing for, coveting, yearning for a rival warrior, an opposing person, an enemy, an opponent - comes roaring seeking a rival warrior.

Go away, warrior, in the very direction you came means: Go away in the very direction that view-holder came, go there, go that way, pass that way, he is your opponent, adversary, enemy, rival - go away, warrior, in the very direction you came.

There is nothing here now for battle. Even before, at the foot of the enlightenment tree, those defilements that create opposition, that create resistance, that create hostility, that create antagonism, do not exist, are not found, are not seen, are not obtained, are abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge. For battle means: for the purpose of fighting, for the purpose of quarreling, for the purpose of disputing, for the purpose of contending, for the purpose of arguing, for the purpose of debating - there is nothing here now for battle.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

67.

Those who grasp a view and dispute means: having taken, grasped, seized, adhered to, and clung to any one of the sixty-two views, they dispute, quarrel, create strife, create conflict, create controversy, create contention - "You do not understand this Teaching and discipline, I understand this Teaching and discipline. How could you understand this Teaching and discipline? You are practising wrongly, I am practising rightly. What I say is consistent, what you say is inconsistent. What should have been said first you said last, what should have been said last you said first. What you have thought out for so long has been turned inside out. Your doctrine has been refuted, you are proven wrong. Go and free yourself from your doctrine, or disentangle yourself if you can" - Those who grasp a view and dispute.

And assert "This alone is truth." 'The world is eternal, this alone is true and everything else is false' - they assert, tell, say, explain, express. 'The world is not eternal...etc... 'The Truth Finder neither exists nor does not exist after death, this alone is true and everything else is false' - they assert, tell, say, explain, express - And assert "This alone is truth."

Tell them that here there is no opponent for them, when a dispute has arisen. Tell those with views: doctrine against doctrine, refutation against refutation, counter-action against counter-action, distinction against distinction, counter-distinction against counter-distinction, entanglement against entanglement, disentanglement against disentanglement, cutting against cutting, circle against circle, they are your rivals, opponents, enemies, adversaries - Tell them that here there is no opponent for them. When a dispute has arisen. When a dispute is born, produced, brought forth, manifested, appeared, those who would create opposition, create resistance, create hostility, create antagonism would make quarrels, make strife, make conflict, make disputes, make contention, these do not exist, are not found, are not seen, are not obtained, are abandoned...etc... burnt by the fire of knowledge - Tell them that here there is no opponent for them, when a dispute has arisen.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

68.

But those who live having abandoned conflict. Army means Māra's army. Bodily misconduct is Māra's army, verbal misconduct is Māra's army, mental misconduct is Māra's army, greed is Māra's army, hatred is Māra's army, delusion is Māra's army, anger... resentment... contempt... insolence... envy... selfishness... deceit... fraud... obstinacy... rivalry... conceit... arrogance... vanity... negligence... all defilements... all misconduct... all anguish... all passion... all torments... all unwholesome volitional formations are Māra's army.

For this was said by the Blessed One -

When by the four noble paths all the armies of Māra and all the opposing defilements are conquered and defeated, broken and scattered, turned away, therefore it is called having abandoned conflict. Those: the arahants with taints destroyed. Live: they live, dwell, carry on, continue, maintain, sustain and keep going - but those who live having abandoned conflict.

Not clashing view against view. Those whose sixty-two views are abandoned, eliminated, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt up by the fire of knowledge, they do not clash view against view, do not oppose, do not abandon, do not strike back, do not retaliate - not clashing view against view.

What would you gain from them, Pasūra? What would you gain from those Arahants with taints destroyed in terms of a rival warrior, an opposing person, an enemy, an opponent - what would you gain from them, Pasūra.

Who here have nothing grasped as supreme. For which Arahants with taints destroyed, there does not exist, is not found, is not seen, is not obtained, is abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge anything taken, adhered to, inclined to, entered upon, attached to, resolved upon as "This is supreme, foremost, best, distinguished, supreme, highest, superior" - who here have nothing grasped as supreme.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

69.

Then you came with reasoning. Thus is the connection of terms, the bonding of terms, the fulfilment of terms, the combination of syllables, the smoothness of phrasing, the progressive sequence - thus. "Came with reasoning" means you came, approached, arrived, met with me while reasoning, thinking, intending: "Will I be victorious, will I be defeated, how will I make a refutation, how will I make a counter-argument, how will I make a distinction, how will I make a counter-distinction, how will I make an entanglement, how will I make a disentanglement, how will I make a cutting off, how will I make a circular argument" - then you came with reasoning.

"Reflecting in your mind on views." "Mind" is that which is mind, mentality, heart, the white, mind, mind base, mind faculty, consciousness, consciousness aggregate, the corresponding mind-consciousness element. Reflecting and pondering with the mind on views: "The world is eternal" or "The world is not eternal"...etc... "The Truth Finder neither exists nor does not exist after death"' - reflecting in your mind on views.

You have met with one who is cleansed, indeed you will not be able to proceed. Cleansed means wisdom. That which is wisdom, understanding... etc... non-delusion, investigation-of-states, right view. Why is wisdom called cleansed? By that wisdom bodily misconduct is shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified, verbal misconduct...etc... all unwholesome volitional formations are shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified. Or else by right view wrong view... by right intention wrong intention...etc... by right liberation wrong liberation is shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified. Or else by the noble eightfold path all defilements... all misconduct... all anguish... all passion... all torments... all unwholesome volitional formations are shaken off, washed, cleansed and purified. The Blessed One is possessed, fully possessed, attained, fully attained, entered upon, fully entered upon, endowed with these qualities to be washed away, therefore the Blessed One is cleansed. He has washed away lust, washed away evil, washed away defilements, washed away passion - The cleansed one.

You have met with one who is cleansed, indeed you will not be able to proceed. The wanderer Pasūra was not capable of meeting in debate with the purified Enlightened One, the Blessed One, taking up a challenge, discussing, conversing, or engaging in dialogue. What is the reason for this? The wanderer Pasūra was low, inferior, mean, base, wretched, and insignificant. For the Blessed One was the highest, the best, the most distinguished, the chief, the supreme, and the most excellent. Just as a rabbit is not capable of meeting in challenge with a rutting bull elephant; just as a jackal is not capable of meeting in challenge with a lion, the king of beasts; just as a young suckling calf is not capable of meeting in challenge with a mighty bull; just as a crow is not capable of meeting in challenge with a garuda, king of birds; just as an outcast is not capable of meeting in challenge with a wheel-turning monarch; just as a dirt-dwelling goblin is not capable of meeting in challenge with Inda, king of deities; even so the wanderer Pasūra was not capable of meeting in debate with the purified Enlightened One, the Blessed One, taking up a challenge, discussing, conversing, or engaging in dialogue. What is the reason for this? The wanderer Pasūra was of low wisdom, inferior wisdom, mean wisdom, base wisdom, wretched wisdom, insignificant wisdom. For the Blessed One was of great wisdom, broad wisdom, joyous wisdom, swift wisdom, sharp wisdom, penetrative wisdom, skilled in discriminating wisdom, of analytical knowledge, attained to analytical knowledge, gained in the four grounds of self-confidence, bearer of the ten powers, the bull of a man, the lion of a man, the dragon of a man, the thoroughbred of a man, the beast of burden of a man, of boundless knowledge, boundless power, boundless fame, rich, of great wealth, wealthy, a guide, an instructor, a leader, one who makes others understand, comprehend, observe, and gain confidence. For the Blessed One was the originator of the unoriginated path, the producer of the unproduced path, the declarer of the undeclared path; he was the knower of the path, the discoverer of the path, the one skilled in the path. And now his disciples dwell following the path, endowed with it afterwards.

For the Blessed One knows what is to be known, sees what is to be seen, he has become vision, become knowledge, become the Teaching, become Brahmā, he is the proclaimer, the expounder, the bringer of meaning, the giver of the Deathless, the lord of the Teaching, the Truth Finder; There is nothing unknown, unseen, not understood, not realized, not experienced with wisdom by that Blessed One. All phenomena, whether past, future, or present, in all their aspects come within range of the knowledge of the Buddha, the Blessed One. Whatever phenomenon there is to be understood that should be known. Whether benefit for oneself or benefit for others or benefit for both, whether benefit pertaining to the present life or benefit pertaining to the future life, whether obvious benefit or profound benefit, whether hidden benefit or concealed benefit, whether benefit to be guided to or benefit already guided to, whether blameless benefit or taintless benefit, whether cleansing benefit or ultimate benefit, all that revolves within the Buddha's knowledge.

All bodily action of the Buddha, the Blessed One, is accompanied by knowledge, all verbal action is accompanied by knowledge, all mental action is accompanied by knowledge. The knowledge of the Blessed One Buddha is unobstructed regarding the past, unobstructed regarding the future, unobstructed regarding the present, as far as there is what can be known, that far extends the knowledge, as far as there is knowledge, that far extends what can be known, knowledge extends to the limit of what can be known, what can be known extends to the limit of knowledge, knowledge does not occur beyond what can be known, there is no path of what can be known beyond knowledge. These things stand within each other's limits. Just as when two bowl-lids are properly fitted together, the lower bowl-lid does not go beyond the upper one, the upper bowl-lid does not go beyond the lower one, they stand within each other's limits; even so what can be known and the knowledge of the Blessed One Buddha stand within each other's limits; as far as there is what can be known, that far extends the knowledge, as far as there is knowledge, that far extends what can be known, knowledge extends to the limit of what can be known, what can be known extends to the limit of knowledge, knowledge does not occur beyond what can be known, there is no path of what can be known beyond knowledge. These things stand within each other's limits - the knowledge of the Blessed One Buddha occurs regarding all phenomena.

All phenomena are bound to the adverting, bound to the wish, bound to the attention, bound to the inclination of mind of the Blessed One Buddha. The knowledge of the Blessed One Buddha occurs regarding all beings, and the Blessed One knows the disposition of all beings, knows their underlying tendencies, knows their behaviour, knows their inclinations. He understands beings with little dust in their eyes and with much dust in their eyes, with sharp faculties and with dull faculties, with good qualities and with bad qualities, easy to teach and difficult to teach, capable and incapable. This world with its deities, Māra, and Brahmā, among the population with its ascetics and brahmins, deities and human beings, revolves within the Buddha's knowledge.

Just as whatever fish and turtles, even including the great whales, move about in the great ocean; Even so this world with its deities, Māra, and Brahmā, among the population with its ascetics and brahmins, deities and human beings, revolves within the Buddha's knowledge. Just as whatever birds, even including Garuḷa the son of Vinata, move about in regions of space; even so those equal to Sāriputta in wisdom also move about in regions of the Buddha's knowledge. The Buddha's knowledge pervades and surpasses the wisdom of deities and human beings, and remains so.

Those wise nobles, wise brahmins, wise householders, and wise ascetics who are subtle, experienced in controversy, who are like hair-splitters. They wander about seemingly demolishing the views of others with their wisdom. Having formulated questions again and again, they approach the Truth Finder and ask hidden and concealed things. Those questions are answered and explained by the Blessed One, with reasons pointed out and laid bare. They become disciples of the Blessed One. Indeed, the Blessed One excels in this matter, that is, in wisdom. You have met with one who is cleansed, indeed you will not be able to proceed.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

The Exposition of the Discourse to Pasūra, the eighth.

9.

Exposition of the Discourse to Māgaṇḍiya

Now he will speak the Exposition of the Discourse to Māgaṇḍiya -

70.

Having seen Taṇhā, Arati, and Rāga, there was not even desire for sexual intercourse. Having seen and observed Taṇhā, Arati, and Rāga, the daughters of Māra, there was no desire or lust or affection for sexual intercourse - Having seen Taṇhā, Arati, and Rāga, there was not even desire for sexual intercourse.

What is this thing full of urine and excrement, I would not wish to touch it even with my foot. What is this body full of urine, full of excrement, full of phlegm, full of blood, bound together with bones and sinews, smeared with blood and flesh, wrapped in skin, covered with epidermis, with various holes, oozing and seeping, scraped by hosts of worms, full of various stains and impurities - one would not wish to step on it with one's foot, let alone live with it or associate with it - What is this thing full of urine and excrement, I would not wish to touch it even with my foot. It is not surprising that one who longs for divine sensual pleasures would not desire human sensual pleasures, or that one who longs for human sensual pleasures would not desire divine sensual pleasures. Since you neither want, nor approve of, nor long for, nor envy, nor yearn for either of these, what is your vision, with what view are you endowed? - thus he asks.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

71.

72.

"This I say" does not occur to him. "This I say" means I say this, I say that, I say this much, I say this far, I say this view - "The world is eternal" or...etc... "The Truth Finder neither exists nor does not exist after death". "Does not occur to him" means it does not occur to me, "I say this far" does not occur to him - "This I say" does not occur to him.

The Blessed One addressed that brahmin by name as Māgaṇḍiya. "Blessed One" is a designation of reverence...etc... the designation realized, namely "Blessed One" - said the Blessed One to Māgaṇḍiya.

Having grasped what is decided among mind-objects. Among mind-objects means: among the sixty-two views. Having decided means: having determined, having judged, having investigated, having thoroughly investigated, having weighed, having considered, having understood, having made clear, taking hold, seizing, grasping the best, grasping portions, grasping accumulations, grasping collections, there does not exist, is not found, is not seen, is not obtained, is abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge anything taken, adhered to, inclined to, entered upon, attached to, resolved upon as "This is true, actual, real, what has come to be, factual, not inverted" - having grasped what is decided among mind-objects.

Seeing and not grasping at views. Seeing the danger in views, I do not grasp, adhere to, or become fixed in views. Moreover, they should not be grasped, adhered to, or become fixed in. Thus seeing and not grasping at views.

Moreover, 'the world is eternal, this alone is true and everything else is false' is a view-standpoint, a thicket of views, a wilderness of views, a contortion of views, a vacillation of views, a fetter of views, accompanied by suffering, vexation, despair, and fever; it does not lead to revulsion, dispassion, cessation, peace, direct knowledge, enlightenment, or Nibbāna. Seeing the danger in views, I do not grasp, adhere to, or become fixed in views. Moreover, they should not be grasped, adhered to, or become fixed in. Thus seeing and not grasping at views.

Moreover, 'the world is not eternal, the world is finite, the world is infinite, the soul is the same as the body, the soul is one thing and the body another, the Truth Finder exists after death, the Truth Finder does not exist after death, the Truth Finder both exists and does not exist after death, the Truth Finder neither exists nor does not exist after death, this alone is true and everything else is false' is a view-standpoint, a thicket of views, a wilderness of views, a contortion of views, a vacillation of views, a fetter of views, accompanied by suffering, vexation, despair, and fever; it does not lead to revulsion, dispassion, cessation, peace, direct knowledge, enlightenment, or Nibbāna. Seeing the danger in views, I do not grasp, adhere to, or become fixed in views. Moreover, they should not be grasped, adhered to, or become fixed in. Thus seeing and not grasping at views.

Moreover, these views when thus grasped, thus adhered to, will lead to such a destination, such a future state. Seeing the danger in views, I do not grasp, adhere to, or become fixed in views. Moreover, they should not be grasped, adhered to, or become fixed in. Thus seeing and not grasping at views.

Moreover, these views lead to hell, to the animal realm, to the domain of ghosts. Seeing the danger in views, I do not grasp, adhere to, or become fixed in views. Moreover, they should not be grasped, adhered to, or become fixed in. Thus seeing and not grasping at views.

Moreover, these views are impermanent, conditioned, dependently arisen, subject to destruction, subject to vanishing, subject to fading away, subject to cessation. Seeing the danger in views, I do not grasp, adhere to, or become fixed in views. Moreover, they should not be grasped, adhered to, or become fixed in. Thus seeing and not grasping at views.

I found internal peace. Internal peace, the peace of lust internally, the peace of hatred, the peace of delusion, of anger... of resentment... of contempt... of insolence... of envy... of selfishness... of deceit... of fraud... of obstinacy... of rivalry... of conceit... of arrogance... of vanity... of negligence... of all defilements... of all misconduct... of all disturbance... of all passion... of all torments... the peace, calming, tranquillizing, quenching, tranquillity, peace of all unwholesome volitional formations. Gathering means gathering, examining, investigating, weighing, judging, clarifying, making clear, gathering, examining, investigating, weighing, judging, clarifying, making clear "All formations are impermanent", "All formations are suffering"... gathering, examining, investigating "All phenomena are non-self"... gathering, examining, investigating, weighing, judging, clarifying, making clear "Whatever has the nature to arise, all that has the nature to cease". I found means I found, I saw, I observed, I penetrated - gathering internal peace I found.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

73.

The decisions that are conceived. Decisions means the sixty-two kinds of views, decisions about views. Conceived means contrived, fabricated, conditioned, established also conceived. Or else impermanent, conditioned, dependently arisen, subject to destruction, subject to vanishing, subject to fading away, subject to cessation, subject to change also means conceived - The decisions that are conceived.

Thus said Māgaṇḍiya. Thus is the connection of terms, the bonding of terms, the fulfilment of terms, the combination of syllables, the smoothness of phrasing, the progressive sequence - thus. 'Māgaṇḍiya' is that brahmin's name, term, designation, description, expression - Thus said Māgaṇḍiya.

You say the sage does not grasp at them; what is meant by internal peace. 'They' means: the sixty-two views. A sage. Knowledge is called sageship...etc... that sage who has overcome the net of attachments. 'Does not grasp at them' means: you say that seeing the danger in views, I do not grasp, adhere to, or become fixed in views, and you also say 'internal peace'. 'What is meant' means: what is the ultimate meaning - You say the sage does not grasp at them; what is meant by internal peace.

How is that explained by the wise? "How?" is a term of questioning with doubt, questioning with uncertainty, questioning with confusion, questioning with no definite conclusion, "is it thus?", "is it not thus?", "what?", "how?" - how? "By the wise" means by the wise, by the learned, by those with wisdom, by those with intelligence, by those with knowledge, by those with clear understanding, by those with insight. "Explained" means known, explained, declared, taught, made known, established, revealed, analysed, clarified, proclaimed - how is that explained by the wise?

Therefore that brahmin said -

74.

Not by view, not by learning, not by knowledge. You do not speak, tell, say, explain, or express purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation even by what is seen; You do not speak, tell, say, explain, or express purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation even by what is heard; You do not speak, tell, say, explain, or express purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation even by what is seen and heard; You do not speak, tell, say, explain, or express purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation even by knowledge - not by view, not by learning, not by knowledge.

The Blessed One addressed that brahmin by name as Māgaṇḍiya. "Blessed One" is a designation of reverence...etc... the designation realized, namely "Blessed One" - said the Blessed One to Māgaṇḍiya.

Not even by rules and observances does one speak of purity. You do not speak, tell, say, explain, or express purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation even by virtuous behaviour; You do not speak, tell, say, explain, or express purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation even by vows; You do not speak, tell, say, explain, or express purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation even by rules and observances - not even by rules and observances does one speak of purity.

Nor by no view, no learning, no knowledge, no virtue, no vows, nor by that; View too is to be desired. Right view with ten bases - 'There is what is given, what is offered, what is sacrificed, there is result and consequence of good and bad actions, there is this world, there is the other world, there is mother, there is father, there are spontaneously reborn beings, there are ascetics and brahmins in the world who have reached the right path and who, having realised this world and the other world through direct knowledge, make it known to others.' Learning too is to be desired - the word of another, the discourses, mixed prose and verse, explanations, verses, inspired utterances, quotations, birth stories, marvellous accounts, and questions-and-answers; Knowledge too is to be desired - knowledge of ownership of action, knowledge in conformity with the truths, knowledge of direct knowledge, knowledge of attainment; Virtuous behaviour too is to be desired - Restraint with respect to the code of monastic rules; Observance too is to be desired - The eight ascetic practices - the practice of dwelling in the forest, the practice of living on almsfood, the practice of wearing rag-robes, the practice of using only three robes, the practice of going on alms round without skipping houses, the practice of not eating after the meal, the practice of sitting, the practice of using any lodging.

Nor by no view, no learning, no knowledge, no virtue, no vows, nor by that; Not by right view alone, not by learning alone, not by knowledge alone, not by virtue alone, not by vows alone has one attained internal peace, nor without these qualities does one attain internal peace. However, these qualities are components for attaining, reaching, contacting and realizing internal peace - Nor by no view, no learning, no knowledge, no virtue, no vows, nor by that.

But having let go of these, not grasping. These means: the abandonment of qualities belonging to the dark side should be desired, non-identification with wholesome states in the three elements should be desired, when qualities belonging to the dark side are abandoned by abandonment through uprooting, cut off at the root, made like a palm stump, obliterated so that they are no longer subject to future arising, and there is non-identification with wholesome states in the three elements, to this extent one does not grasp, adhere to, or cling to. Moreover, they should not be grasped, adhered to, or become fixed in. Thus also, having let go of these, not grasping. When craving and views and conceit are abandoned, cut off at the root, made like a palm stump, obliterated so that they are no longer subject to future arising, to this extent one does not grasp, adhere to, or cling to. Thus also, having let go of these, not grasping.

When meritorious volitional formation and demeritorious volitional formation and imperturbable volitional formation are abandoned, cut off at the root, made like a palm stump, obliterated so that they are no longer subject to future arising, to this extent one does not grasp, adhere to, or cling to. Thus also, having let go of these, not grasping.

Peaceful, not relying on, one would not speak of existence. Peaceful means peaceful due to the stilling of lust, peaceful due to the stilling of hatred, peaceful due to the stilling of delusion, of anger... of resentment... of contempt... of insolence... of envy... of selfishness... of deceit... of fraud... of obstinacy... of rivalry... of conceit... of arrogance... of vanity... of negligence... of all defilements... of all misconduct... of all disturbance... of all passion... of all torments... peaceful, at peace, fully peaceful, quenched, stilled, gone, tranquillized due to the stilling, calming, subsiding, extinction, quenching, disappearance, tranquillization of all unwholesome volitional formations - peaceful.

Not relying on means two kinds of reliance - dependency on craving and dependency on views...etc... this is dependency on craving...etc... this is dependency on views. Having abandoned dependency on craving and relinquished dependency on views, not relying on eye, not relying on ear, not relying on nose, not relying on tongue, not relying on body, not relying on mind, in forms... sounds... odours... tastes... tactile objects... in family... in group... in dwelling... in gain... in fame... in praise... in happiness... in robe... in almsfood... in lodging... in medicinal requisites... in sense-sphere element... in form-sphere element... in formless-sphere element... in sense-sphere existence... in form-sphere existence... in formless-sphere existence... in existence with perception... in existence without perception... in existence with neither perception nor non-perception... in existence with one aggregate... in existence with four aggregates... in existence with five aggregates... in past... in future... in present... not relying on, not grasping, not adhering to, not insisting upon things seen, heard, sensed and cognized - peaceful, not relying on. One would not speak of existence means: one would not speak of sense-sphere existence, would not speak of form-sphere existence, would not speak of formless-sphere existence, would not yearn for it, would not speak longingly of it - peaceful, not relying on, one would not speak of existence.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

75.

If not by view, not by learning, not by knowledge." You do not speak, tell, say, explain, or express purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation even by view; even by learning purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation... even by what is seen and heard purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation... You do not speak, tell, say, explain, or express purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation even by knowledge - if not by view, not by learning, not by knowledge.

Thus to Māgaṇḍiya means this is a conjunction of terms...etc... 'Māgaṇḍiya' is that brahmin's name... etc... thus Māgaṇḍiya.

Not even by rules and observances does one speak of purity. Even by virtuous behaviour purification, complete purification, perfect purification... etc... Even by vows purification, complete purification, perfect purification... etc... You do not speak, tell, say, explain, or express purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation even by rules and observances - not even by rules and observances does one speak of purity.

Nor by no view, no learning, no knowledge, no virtue, no vows, nor by that; You speak thus: "View is to be wished for," you speak thus: "Learning is to be wished for," you speak thus: "Knowledge is to be wished for," yet you cannot definitively approve, nor can you definitively reject - Nor by no view, no learning, no knowledge, no virtue, no vows, nor by that.

I think the Teaching is mere confusion. I think, I know, I understand, I cognize, I comprehend, I penetrate thus: "This Teaching of yours is a state of confusion, a state of fools, a state of the deluded, a state of not knowing, a state of eel-wriggling" - I think the Teaching is mere confusion.

Some declare purity by view. Some ascetics and brahmins regard view of purification as bringing about purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation; Some ascetics and brahmins regard 'the world is eternal, this alone is true and everything else is false' as a view bringing about purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation; 'The world is not eternal'...etc... 'The Truth Finder neither exists nor does not exist after death, this alone is true and everything else is false' - some ascetics and brahmins regard this view as bringing about purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation - Some declare purity by view.

Therefore that brahmin said -

76.

Asking questions while relying on view. The brahmin Māgaṇḍiya, depending on a view, asks about a view; depending on an attachment, asks about an attachment; depending on bondage, asks about bondage; depending on an obstruction, asks about an obstruction. Asking repeatedly means he asks again and again - depending on a view and asking repeatedly.

The Blessed One addressed that brahmin by name as Māgaṇḍiya. "Blessed One" is a designation of reverence...etc... the designation realized, namely "Blessed One" - said the Blessed One to Māgaṇḍiya.

You have fallen into delusion about what you have grasped; That view which you have grasped, adhered to, settled upon, clung to, resolved upon - by that very view you are deluded, utterly deluded, completely deluded, you have fallen into delusion, you have fallen into utter delusion, you have fallen into complete delusion, you have plunged into darkness - You have fallen into delusion about what you have grasped.

And from here you have not seen even a minute perception. From this internal peace, or way of practice, or teaching of the Teaching, one does not obtain proper perception, attained perception, characteristic perception, reasoned perception, or established perception - how then knowledge? Thus also from here you have not seen even a minute perception. Or else one does not obtain perception of impermanence or perception in accordance with impermanence, or perception of suffering or perception in accordance with suffering, or perception of non-self or perception in accordance with non-self, or even just arising of perception or even just what is perceived - how then knowledge? Thus also from here you have not seen even a minute perception.

Therefore you consider it confusion. Therefore means: for that reason, because of that cause, because of that condition, because of that source, you consider, see, observe, look at, contemplate, examine it as subject to delusion, subject to foolishness, subject to confusion, subject to not knowing, subject to eel-wriggling - therefore you consider it confusion.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

77.

Equal, superior, or inferior, one who conceives would dispute thereby. One who conceives 'I am equal' or 'I am superior' or 'I am inferior', due to that conceit, that view, or that person would make quarrel, would make argument, would make dispute, would make conflict, would make strife - "You do not understand this Teaching and discipline, I understand this Teaching and discipline. How could you understand this Teaching and discipline? You are practising wrongly, I am practising rightly. What I say is consistent, what you say is inconsistent. What should have been said first you said last, what should have been said last you said first. What you have thought out for so long has been turned inside out. Your doctrine has been refuted, you are proven wrong. Go and free yourself from your doctrine, or disentangle yourself if you can" - Equal, superior, or inferior, one who conceives would dispute thereby.

Unshaken regarding the three discriminations, 'equal' and 'superior' do not occur to him. For one in whom these three discriminations are abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge, he does not tremble, does not shake regarding the three discriminations, and for the unshaken individual 'I am equal' or 'I am superior' or 'I am inferior'. Does not occur to him. Does not occur to me means unshaken regarding the three discriminations, 'equal' and 'superior' - does not occur to him.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

78.

What could that brahmin say is true? A brahmin is one who has eliminated seven things... etc... independent, such a one is called a sublime deity. What could that brahmin say is true? 'The world is eternal, this alone is true and everything else is false' - what could that brahmin say, tell, speak, explain, express; 'The world is not eternal'...etc... 'The Truth Finder neither exists nor does not exist after death, this alone is true and everything else is false' - what could that brahmin say, tell, speak, explain, express - What could that brahmin say is true?

Or with what could he dispute as false? With what conceit, what view, or what person would a brahmin make quarrel, make argument, make dispute, make conflict, make strife saying "Only my truth, your falsehood" - "You do not understand this Teaching and discipline...etc... or disentangle yourself if you can" - or with what could he dispute as false.

In whom there is neither righteous nor unrighteous. In whom means: in that person who is an arahant with taints destroyed, the conceit "I am equal" does not exist, the conceit "I am superior" does not exist, the inferiority complex "I am inferior" does not exist, is not found, is not seen, is not obtained, is abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge - in whom there is neither righteous nor unrighteous.

With what doctrine could he engage? With what conceit, what view, or what person would he engage in doctrine, would oppose, would make quarrel, would make argument, would make dispute, would make conflict, would make strife - "You do not understand this Teaching and discipline...etc... or disentangle yourself if you can" - with what doctrine could he engage.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

79.

Then the householder Hāliddakāni approached the Venerable Mahākaccāna; having approached, he paid homage to the Venerable Mahākaccāna and sat down to one side. Seated to one side, the householder Hāliddakāni said this to the Venerable Mahākaccāna - "This, Venerable Sir, Kaccāna, was spoken by the Blessed One in 'The Questions of Māgaṇḍiya' in the Chapter of the Eights -

"How, Venerable Sir, Kaccāna, should the meaning of what was stated in brief by the Blessed One be understood in detail?"

"Householder, the form-element is the home of consciousness, and when consciousness is shackled by lust for the form-element, it is called 'home-wandering'. "In regard to the feeling-element, householder... "In regard to the perception-element, householder... "Householder, the formations-element is the home of consciousness, and when consciousness is shackled by lust for the formations-element, it is called 'home-wandering'. Thus, householder, one is home-wandering.

"And how, householder, is one not home-wandering? In regard to the form-element, householder, whatever desire, lust, delight, craving, engagement and clinging, mental standpoints, adherence and underlying tendencies, in the Truth Finder these are abandoned, cut off at the root, made like a palm stump, obliterated so that they are no longer subject to future arising; therefore the Truth Finder is called 'not home-wandering'. In regard to the feeling-element, householder... In regard to the perception-element, householder... In regard to the formations-element, householder... In regard to the consciousness-element, householder, whatever desire, lust, delight, craving, engagement and clinging, mental standpoints, adherence and underlying tendencies, in the Truth Finder these are abandoned, cut off at the root, made like a palm stump, obliterated so that they are no longer subject to future arising; therefore the Truth Finder is called 'not home-wandering'. Thus, householder, one is not home-wandering.

"And how, householder, is one home-dwelling? One who is shackled by dwelling on and being scattered by the sign of form, householder, is called 'home-dwelling'. of sound... of odour... of taste... of tactile object... One who is shackled by dwelling on and being scattered by the sign of mental phenomena, householder, is called 'home-dwelling'. Thus, householder, one is home-dwelling.

"And how, householder, is one not home-dwelling? In the Truth Finder, householder, the shackles of dwelling on and being scattered by the sign of form are abandoned, cut off at the root, made like a palm stump, obliterated so that they are no longer subject to future arising; therefore the Truth Finder is called 'not home-dwelling'. of sound... of odour... of taste... of tactile object... In the Truth Finder, householder, the shackles of dwelling on and being scattered by the sign of mental phenomena are abandoned, cut off at the root, made like a palm stump, obliterated so that they are no longer subject to future arising; therefore the Truth Finder is called 'not home-dwelling'. Thus, householder, one is not home-dwelling.

"And how, householder, is one intimate with the village? Here, householder, some monk dwells mixing with householders, delighting together, sorrowing together, happy when they are happy, suffering when they are suffering, and when duties arise he personally undertakes the effort in them. Thus, householder, one is intimate with the village.

"And how, householder, is one not intimate with the village? Here, householder, some monk dwells not mixing with householders, not delighting together, not sorrowing together, not happy when they are happy, not suffering when they are suffering, and when duties arise he does not personally undertake the effort in them. Thus, householder, one is not intimate with the village.

"And how, householder, is one not satisfied with sensual pleasures? Here, householder, some monk is not devoid of lust for sensual pleasures, not devoid of desire, not devoid of affection, not devoid of thirst, not devoid of passion, not devoid of craving. Thus, householder, one is not satisfied with sensual pleasures.

"And how, householder, is one satisfied with sensual pleasures? Here, householder, some monk is devoid of lust for sensual pleasures, devoid of desire, devoid of affection, devoid of thirst, devoid of passion, devoid of craving. Thus, householder, one is satisfied with sensual pleasures.

"And how, householder, is one who puts ahead? Here, householder, a certain monk thinks thus: 'May I be of such form in the future course' - there he brings delight to that, 'May I be of such feeling... 'May I be of such perception...' 'May I be of such formations...' 'May I be of such consciousness in the future course' - there he brings delight to that. Thus, householder, one is who puts ahead.

"And how, householder, is one who does not put ahead? Here, householder, a certain monk thinks thus: 'May I be of such form in the future course' - there he does not bring delight to that, 'May I be of such feeling... 'May I be of such perception...' 'May I be of such formations...' 'May I be of such consciousness in the future course' - there he does not bring delight to that. Thus, householder, one is who does not put ahead.

"And how, householder, is one who engages in disputes with people? Here, householder, someone engages in such talk: "You do not understand this Teaching and discipline, I understand this Teaching and discipline. How could you understand this Teaching and discipline? You are practising wrongly, I am practising rightly. What I say is consistent, what you say is inconsistent. What should have been said first you said last, what should have been said last you said first. What you have thought out for so long has been turned inside out. Your doctrine has been refuted, you are proven wrong. Go and free yourself from your doctrine, or disentangle yourself if you can." Thus, householder, is one who engages in disputes with people.

"And how, householder, is one who does not engage in disputes with people? Here, householder, someone does not engage in such talk: "You do not understand this Teaching and discipline...etc... disentangle yourself if you can." Thus, householder, one is who does not engage in disputes with people. So, householder, when this was said by the Blessed One in 'The Questions of Māgaṇḍiya' in the Chapter of the Eights -

"Householder, the meaning of what was stated in brief by the Blessed One should be seen in detail thus."

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

80.

"Detached from those things one would wander in the world" means: "From those" means from those views. "Detached" means empty of, detached from, secluded from misconduct of body, from misconduct of mind... from lust...etc... empty of, detached from, secluded from all unwholesome volitional formations. "Would wander" means one would wander, dwell, behave, continue, guard, maintain, sustain. "In the world" means in the human world - detached from those things one would wander in the world.

"The sage would not take them up and assert them" means: 'Dragon' means one who does not do evil - 'dragon' means one who does not go - 'dragon' means one who does not come - dragon. How is it that one does not do evil - dragon? Evil unwholesome states that are defiling, conducive to renewed existence, troublesome, resulting in suffering, leading to birth, aging and death in the future are called evils.

Thus one does not do evil - dragon.

How does one not go - dragon? One does not take a wrong course through desire, does not take a wrong course through hatred, does not take a wrong course through delusion, does not take a wrong course through fear, does not go under the power of lust, does not go under the power of hatred, does not go under the power of delusion, does not go under the power of conceit, does not go under the power of views, does not go under the power of restlessness, does not go under the power of doubt, does not go under the power of underlying tendencies, is not moved, led, carried, conveyed by factional things. Thus one does not go - dragon.

How does one not come - dragon? Whatever defilements are abandoned by the path of stream-entry, he does not go back to, does not return to, does not come back to those defilements. By the path of once-returning... by the path of non-returning... Whatever defilements are abandoned by the path of arahantship, he does not go back to, does not return to, does not come back to those defilements. Thus he does not come back - dragon.

"The sage would not take them up and assert them" means: The sage would not speak, tell, say, explain, express having taken, grasped, seized, adhered to, and clung to those views; 'The world is eternal'...etc... 'The Truth Finder neither exists nor does not exist after death, this alone is true and everything else is false' - would speak, tell, say, explain, express - the sage would not take them up and assert them.

Just as the lotus born in water and thorns, is not smeared by water and mud. Elaṃ means water, ambujaṃ means lotus, kaṇḍako means hard stick, vāri means water, vārijaṃ means lotus born in water, jalaṃ means water, paṅko means mud. Just as the lotus, born in water, originating in water, does not cling to water and mud, does not adhere, does not get stuck, unclinging, unstained, unsticking - Just as the lotus born in water and thorns, is not smeared by water and mud.

So the sage speaking of peace, without greed, is unsmeared by sensual pleasures and the world. Thus is the bringing forth of the simile. A sage. Knowledge is called sageship...etc... that sage who has overcome the net of attachments. Speaking of peace means: the sage speaks of peace, speaks of shelter, speaks of refuge, speaks of protection, speaks of safety, speaks of the undying, speaks of the Deathless, speaks of extinction - so the sage speaking of peace. Without greed. Greed is called craving. That which is lust, infatuation... etc... covetousness, greed, root of the unwholesome. One in whom this greed has been abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge, he is called without greed. He is without greed for forms, for sounds... odours... tastes... tactile objects... family... group... dwelling... gain... fame... praise... pleasure... robes... almsfood... lodging... medicinal requisites... sense-sphere... form-sphere... formless-sphere... existence in the sense-sphere... existence in the form-sphere... existence in the formless-sphere... existence with perception... existence without perception... existence with neither perception nor non-perception... existence with one aggregate... existence with four aggregates... existence with five aggregates... past... future... present... in things seen, heard, sensed and cognized, without greed, not tied to it, not infatuated, not clinging, free from greed, with greed gone, having given up greed, having vomited greed, having released greed, having abandoned greed, having relinquished greed, free from lust, with lust gone, having given up lust, having vomited lust, having released lust, having abandoned lust, having relinquished lust, without hunger, quenched, become cool, experiencing pleasure, dwelling with a self become divine - so the sage speaking of peace, without greed.

Is unsmeared by sensual pleasures and the world. Sensual pleasures from the inspired utterance are two sensual pleasures - objects of sensual pleasure and defilements of sensual pleasure... etc... these are called objective sensual pleasures... etc... these are called defiling sensual pleasures. World: the world of misery, the human world, the world of deities, the world of aggregates, the world of elements, the world of bases. Stains are two stains - clinging through craving and clinging through views...etc... this is clinging through craving...etc... this is clinging through views. The sage, having abandoned clinging through craving and relinquished clinging through views, does not cling to sensual pleasures and the world, does not adhere, does not get stuck, unattached, unadhered, unstuck, gone forth, detached, freed, released, he dwells with a mind made unlimited - so the sage speaking of peace, without greed, is unsmeared by sensual pleasures and the world.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

81.

One who has mastered the Vedas does not come to conceit through what is seen or sensed. Inclination is rejection. One who has mastered the Vedas. Knowledge in the four paths is called veda - wisdom, faculty of wisdom, power of wisdom, investigation-of-states enlightenment factor, investigation, insight, right view. Through these vedas he has gone to the end of birth, aging and death, reached the end, gone to the peak, reached the peak, gone to the limit, reached the limit, gone to the conclusion, reached the conclusion, gone to shelter, reached shelter, gone to refuge, reached refuge, gone to safety, reached safety, gone to the imperishable, reached the imperishable, gone to the Deathless, reached the Deathless, gone to Nibbāna, reached Nibbāna. 'Vedagū' means one who has gone to the end of the vedas, or one who has gone to the end through the vedas, or one who is vedagū because of having known seven things: identity view is known, doubt is known, adherence to rules and observances is known, lust is known, hatred is known, delusion is known, conceit is known, evil unwholesome states that are defiling, leading to renewed existence, troublesome, resulting in suffering, leading to birth, aging and death in the future are known in him.

'Not by view' means his sixty-two views are abandoned, eliminated, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt up by the fire of knowledge. He is not guided, led, carried, or conveyed by views, nor does he accept and return to that view as being the core - one who has mastered the Vedas does not come through views. Through what is sensed means: he does not come to, does not go to, does not grasp, does not adhere to, does not cling to conceit through what is sensed, through the word of another, or through common consensus - one who has mastered the Vedas does not come to conceit through what is seen or sensed.

For one is not made of that means: one is not made of that, not devoted to that, not inclined to that through the power of craving or views. When craving and views and conceit are abandoned in him, cut off at the root, made like a palm stump, obliterated so that they are no longer subject to future arising, to that extent one is not made of that, not devoted to that, not inclined to that - one does not come to conceit for one is not made of that.

One is not led by action nor by learning. Through action means: he is not guided, led, carried, or conveyed by meritorious volitional formations, or by demeritorious volitional formations, or by imperturbable volitional formations - not by action. Nor is one led by learning means: he is not guided, led, carried, or conveyed by purity of learning, or by the word of another, or by common consensus - one is not led by action nor by learning.

One is not brought to adherences. Engagement: there are two kinds of engagement - engagement through craving and engagement through views... etc... this is engagement through craving... etc... this is engagement through views. In him engagement through craving is abandoned, engagement through views is relinquished. Since engagement through craving is abandoned and engagement through views is relinquished, he is not brought to adherences, unattached, unapproached, not taken to, not adhered to, gone forth, detached, freed, released, he dwells with a mind made unlimited - one is not brought to adherences.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

82.

For one detached from perception there are no knots. For one who develops the noble path with serenity as its forerunner, from the very beginning the knots are suppressed, and when Arahantship is attained, for the Worthy One the knots and delusions and hindrances and perception of sensual pleasure, perception of ill will, perception of harmfulness, and perception of views are abandoned, cut off at the root, made like a palm stump, obliterated so that they are no longer subject to future arising - for one detached from perception there are no knots.

For one liberated by wisdom there are no delusions. For one who develops the noble path with insight as its forerunner, from the very beginning delusions are suppressed, and when Arahantship is attained, for the Worthy One the delusions and knots and hindrances and perception of sensual pleasure, perception of ill will, perception of harmfulness, and perception of views are abandoned, cut off at the root, made like a palm stump, obliterated so that they are no longer subject to future arising - for one liberated by wisdom there are no delusions.

Those who grasped perception and views, they wander in the world conflicting with each other. Those who grasp perception, perception of sensual pleasure, perception of ill will, perception of harmfulness, they clash and collide due to perception. Kings dispute with kings, nobles dispute with nobles, brahmins dispute with brahmins, householders dispute with householders, mother disputes with son, son disputes with mother, father disputes with son, son disputes with father, brother disputes with brother, sister disputes with sister, brother disputes with sister, sister disputes with brother, friend disputes with friend. They, having fallen into quarrels, strife and disputes, attack one another with fists, clods of earth, sticks, and weapons. There they meet death or deadly suffering. Those who grasp views: "The world is eternal" or...etc... "The Truth Finder neither exists nor does not exist after death" - they clash and collide due to views, they clash from teacher to teacher, they clash from doctrine to doctrine, they clash from group to group, they clash from view to view, they clash from way to way, they clash from path to path.

Moreover, they dispute, quarrel, create strife, create conflict, create controversy, create contention - "You do not understand this Teaching and discipline...etc... or disentangle yourself if you can." Their volitional formations are not abandoned; due to not having abandoned volitional formations, they conflict in destinations, they conflict in hell, they conflict in the animal realm, they conflict in the domain of ghosts, they conflict in the human world, they conflict in the world of deities, from destination to destination... from rebirth to rebirth... from reconnection to reconnection... from existence to existence... from round of births to round of births... they conflict, clash, dispute, live, move about, dwell, carry on, continue, maintain, sustain and keep going from round to round. "In the world" means in the world of planes of misery... etc... in the world of sense bases means - Those who grasped perception and views, they wander in the world conflicting with each other.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

The Exposition of the Discourse to Māgaṇḍiya is ninth.

10.

Exposition of the Discourse on Before the Break-up

Then he will speak the exposition of the discourse on Before the Break-up -

83.

How should one see, of what virtue should one be, to be called peaceful? How should one see means: endowed with what kind of vision, of what stability, of what manner, of what quality - how should one see. Of what virtue means: endowed with what kind of virtuous behaviour, of what stability, of what manner, of what quality - how should one see, of what virtue. To be called peaceful means: is said, is declared, is spoken, is uttered, is explained, is expressed as peaceful, at peace, fully peaceful, quenched, tranquillized. How should one see asks about higher wisdom, of what virtue asks about higher virtuous behaviour, peaceful asks about higher mind - how should one see, of what virtue should one be, to be called peaceful.

Tell me that, Gotama. That: what I ask, what I request, what I beg, what I seek confidence in. Gotama: that created one addresses the Blessed One, the Enlightened One, by his clan name. Tell means: tell, explain, teach, proclaim, establish, disclose, analyse, make clear, reveal - tell me that, Gotama.

When asked about the supreme person. When asked means: questioned, asked, requested, begged, sought confidence in. Supreme person means: foremost, best, distinguished, supreme, highest, superior person - when asked about the supreme person.

Thus said that created one:

84.

Free from craving before death." Before the breaking up of the body, before the breaking up of individual existence, before the laying down of the corpse, before the cutting off of the life faculty, free from craving, with craving gone, having given up craving, having vomited craving, having released craving, having abandoned craving, having relinquished craving, free from lust, with lust gone, having given up lust, having vomited lust, having released lust, having abandoned lust, having relinquished lust, without hunger, quenched, become cool, experiencing happiness, dwelling with a self become divine.

"Blessed One" is a designation of reverence. Moreover, "Blessed One" because he has destroyed lust, "Blessed One" because he has destroyed hatred, "Blessed One" because he has destroyed delusion, "Blessed One" because he has destroyed conceit, "Blessed One" because he has destroyed views, "Blessed One" because he has destroyed craving, "Blessed One" because he has destroyed defilements, "Blessed One" because he divided, analysed and classified the jewel of the Teaching, "Blessed One" because he makes an end of existences, "Blessed One" because he has developed body, developed virtue, developed mind, developed wisdom, "Blessed One" because he resorted to remote forest and woodland dwellings that are secluded, with little noise, little sound, with an atmosphere of privacy, hidden from people, suitable for seclusion, "Blessed One" because he is one who shares in robes, almsfood, lodging, and medicinal requisites, "Blessed One" because he is one who shares in the taste of meaning, taste of Teaching, taste of liberation, higher virtuous behaviour, higher mind, and higher wisdom, "Blessed One" because he is one who shares in the four meditations, the four measureless states, the four formless attainments, "Blessed One" because he is one who shares in the eight deliverances, the eight bases for transcendence, the nine progressive dwelling attainments, "Blessed One" because he is one who shares in the ten developments of wisdom, the ten kasiṇa attainments, concentration through mindfulness of breathing, and the attainment of foulness, "Blessed One" because he is one who shares in the four establishments of mindfulness, the four right strivings, the four bases for spiritual power, the five faculties, the five powers, the seven enlightenment factors, the Noble Eightfold Path, "Blessed One" because he is one who shares in the ten powers of a The Truth Finder, the four grounds of self-confidence, the four analytical knowledges, the six direct knowledges, and the six qualities of a Buddha. "Blessed One" - this name was not made by mother, not made by father, not made by brother, not made by sister, not made by friends and companions, not made by relatives and blood relations, not made by ascetics and brahmins, not made by deities; This is the final liberation, the designation realized by the Blessed Ones, the Buddhas, together with the attainment of omniscient knowledge at the foot of the Bodhi tree, namely "Blessed One" - "Blessed One" because he is free from craving before death.

"Not dependent on the former end" - the former end is called the past time. Regarding the past course, craving is abandoned, view is relinquished due to craving being abandoned, due to view being relinquished. Thus too one is not dependent on the past. Or else 'Such was my form in the past course' - there he does not bring delight to that, 'Such was my feeling... 'Such was my perception in the past course'... 'Such were my formations in the past course'... 'Such was my consciousness in the past course' - there he does not bring delight to that. Thus too one is not dependent on the past. Or else 'Such was my eye in the past course - such were forms' - consciousness is not bound by desire and lust for that, because consciousness is not bound by desire and lust, one does not delight in that; not delighting in that. Thus too one is not dependent on the past. 'Such was my ear in the past course - such were sounds', 'Such was my nose in the past course - such were odours', 'Such was my tongue in the past course - such were tastes', 'Such was my body in the past course - such were tactile objects', 'Such was my mind in the past course - such were mind-objects' - consciousness is not bound by desire and lust for that, because consciousness is not bound by desire and lust, one does not delight in that; not delighting in that. Thus too one is not dependent on the past. Or else one does not find gratification in, does not desire, and does not find satisfaction in former times when one laughed, chatted and played with a woman. Thus too one is not dependent on the past.

Not to be reckoned in the middle. The middle is called the present time. Regarding the present course, craving is abandoned, view is relinquished. Due to craving being abandoned, due to view being relinquished, he is not to be reckoned as lustful, not to be reckoned as hateful, not to be reckoned as deluded, not to be reckoned as bound, not to be reckoned as grasping, not to be reckoned as distracted, not to be reckoned as not having reached stability, not to be reckoned as having gone to obstinacy; those volitional formations are abandoned; due to volitional formations being abandoned, he is not to be reckoned by destination as one in hell or in the animal realm or in the domain of ghosts or as a human being or a deity or as one having form or formless or percipient or non-percipient or neither percipient nor non-percipient. There is no cause, no condition, no reason by which he would come to reckoning - not to be reckoned in the middle.

For him there is nothing put in front. His means of the Worthy One whose taints are destroyed. Putting in front: there are two ways of putting in front - putting craving in front and putting view in front...etc... this is putting craving in front...etc... this is putting view in front. For him putting craving in front is abandoned, putting view in front is relinquished. Since putting craving in front is abandoned and putting view in front is relinquished, he does not live having put either craving or view in front, not with craving as his banner, not with craving as his flag, not with craving as his authority, not with view as his banner, not with view as his flag, not with view as his authority, he does not live surrounded by either craving or view. In this way too, for him there is nothing put in front. Or else 'May I be of such form in the future course' - there he does not bring delight to that, 'May I be of such feeling... 'May I be of such perception...' 'May I be of such formations...' 'May I be of such consciousness in the future course' - there he does not bring delight to that. In this way too, for him there is nothing put in front. Or else 'Such might be my eye in the future - such might be forms' - one does not set one's mind on acquiring what has not been acquired, due to that absence of mental wish one does not delight in that; not delighting in that. In this way too, for him there is nothing put in front. 'Such might be my ear in the future - such might be sounds', 'Such might be my nose in the future - such might be odours', 'Such might be my tongue in the future - such might be tastes', 'Such might be my body in the future - such might be tactile objects', 'Such might be my mind in the future - such might be mind-objects' - one does not set one's mind on acquiring what has not been acquired, due to that absence of mental wish one does not delight in that; not delighting in that. In this way too, for him there is nothing put in front. Or else 'By this virtue or vow or austerity or holy life, I will become a deity or a certain kind of deity' - one does not set one's mind on acquiring what has not been acquired, due to that absence of mental wish one does not delight in that; not delighting in that. In this way too, for him there is nothing put in front.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

85.

Not prone to anger, not fearful: Not prone to anger, so it was said. But first anger should be discussed. Anger arises in ten aspects - "They did me harm" - anger arises, "They are doing me harm" - anger arises, "They will do me harm" - anger arises, "They did harm to one who is dear and agreeable to me... They are doing harm... They will do harm" - anger arises, "They did good to one who is disliked and disagreeable to me... They are doing good... They will do good" - anger arises, or anger arises without a reason. Whatever resentment of mind, repulsion, aversion, opposition, irritation, anger, fury, hatred, hostility, intense hostility, corruption of mind, mental hostility, anger, being angry, state of being angry, hate, being hateful, state of being hateful, being repelled, state of being repelled, state of being hostile, opposition, resistance, ferocity, demonic state, displeasure of mind - this is called anger.

Moreover, the intensity and weakness of anger should be understood. There is sometimes when anger just causes disturbance of mind, but has not yet caused facial contortions; there is sometimes when anger just causes facial contortions, but has not yet caused jaw clenching; there is sometimes when anger just causes jaw clenching, but has not yet caused the uttering of harsh speech; there is sometimes when anger just causes the uttering of harsh speech, but has not yet caused looking around in all directions; there is sometimes when anger just causes looking around in all directions, but has not yet caused seizing of sticks and weapons; there is sometimes when anger just causes seizing of sticks and weapons, but has not yet caused brandishing of sticks and weapons; there is sometimes when anger just causes brandishing of sticks and weapons, but has not yet caused striking with sticks and weapons; there is sometimes when anger just causes striking with sticks and weapons, but has not yet caused cutting and mutilation; there is sometimes when anger just causes cutting and mutilation, but has not yet caused breaking and crushing; there is sometimes when anger just causes breaking and crushing, but has not yet caused tearing of limbs; there is sometimes when anger just causes tearing of limbs, but has not yet caused taking of life; there is sometimes when anger just causes taking of life, but has not yet settled into complete relinquishment of everything. When anger, having killed another person, kills oneself, at that point anger has reached its highest pitch and fullest expansion. One in whom that anger has been abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge, he is called not prone to anger. Not prone to anger because anger is abandoned, not prone to anger because the basis of anger is fully understood, not prone to anger because the cause of anger is cut off - not prone to anger.

"Not trembling": here someone is trembling, frightened, terrified; he trembles, is frightened, is terrified, is afraid, falls into fear. "I do not get a family, I do not get a group, I do not get a dwelling, I do not get gain, I do not get fame, I do not get praise, I do not get happiness, I do not get a robe, I do not get almsfood, I do not get lodging, I do not get medicinal requisites, I do not get a nurse for the sick, I am unknown" - he trembles, is frightened, is terrified, is afraid, falls into fear.

Here a monk is not trembling, not frightened, not terrified; he does not tremble, is not frightened, is not terrified, is not afraid, does not fall into fear. "I do not get a family, I do not get a group, I do not get a dwelling, I do not get gain, I do not get fame, I do not get praise, I do not get happiness, I do not get a robe, I do not get almsfood, I do not get lodging, I do not get medicinal requisites, I do not get a nurse for the sick, I am unknown" - he does not tremble, is not frightened, is not terrified, is not afraid, does not fall into fear - not prone to anger, not trembling.

Not boastful, not remorseful. Here someone is boastful and brags, he boasts and brags - "I am accomplished in virtue," or "accomplished in vows," or "accomplished in rules and vows," or by birth, or by clan, or by being a son of a good family, or by beauty of appearance, or by wealth, or by learning, or by sphere of work, or by sphere of craft, or by branch of knowledge, or by learning, or by ingenuity, or by some other ground. "I am one gone forth from a high family," or "I am one gone forth from a great family," or "I am one gone forth from a wealthy family," or "I am one gone forth from an illustrious wealthy family," or "I am well-known and famous among householders and renunciates," or "I am one who gains robes, almsfood, lodgings and medicinal requisites," or "I am an expert in the discourses," or "I am an expert in the discipline," or "I am a speaker on the Teaching," or "I am a forest-dweller," or "I am one who lives on almsfood," or "I am a wearer of rag-robes," or "I am a wearer of three robes," or "I am one who goes on uninterrupted almsround," or "I am one who eats one meal," or "I am one who practices the sitting meditation," or "I am one who sleeps wherever I lay my mat," or "I am one who gains the first meditation," or "I am one who gains the second meditation," or "I am one who gains the third meditation," or "I am one who gains the fourth meditation," or "I am one who gains the attainment of the base of infinite space..." "I am one who gains the attainment of the base of infinite consciousness..." "I am one who gains the attainment of the base of nothingness..." or "I am one who gains the attainment of neither-perception-nor-non-perception" - he boasts and brags. Thus he does not boast, does not brag, aloof from boasting and bragging, abstained, refrained, gone forth, detached, freed, released, he dwells with a mind made unlimited - not boasting.

Not remorseful. Remorse means remorse of hands, remorse of feet, remorse of hands and feet, perceiving as allowable what is not allowable, perceiving as not allowable what is allowable, perceiving as the right time what is the wrong time, perceiving as the wrong time what is the right time, perceiving as faulty what is not faulty, perceiving as not faulty what is faulty; whatever remorse, being remorseful, state of being remorseful, regret of mind, mental worry of this kind - this is called remorse.

Moreover, remorse, regret of mind, mental worry arises for two reasons: because of what has been done and what has not been done. How does remorse, regret of mind, mental worry arise because of what has been done and what has not been done? Remorse, regret of mind, mental worry arises thinking: "I have done bodily misconduct, I have not done bodily good conduct"; "I have done verbal misconduct, I have not done verbal good conduct... I have done mental misconduct, I have not done mental good conduct" - remorse, regret of mind, mental worry arises; "I have destroyed life, I have not practised abstinence from destroying life" - remorse, regret of mind, mental worry arises; "I have taken what is not given, I have not practised abstinence from taking what is not given" - remorse, regret of mind, mental worry arises; "I have engaged in sexual misconduct, I have not practised abstinence from sexual misconduct" - remorse, regret of mind, mental worry arises; "I have spoken falsely, I have not practised abstinence from false speech"... "I have spoken divisively, I have not practised abstinence from divisive speech"... "I have spoken harshly, I have not practised abstinence from harsh speech"... "I have engaged in idle chatter, I have not practised abstinence from idle chatter"... "I have been covetous, I have not been non-covetous"... "I have had ill will, I have not had non-ill will"... "I have held wrong view, I have not held right view" - remorse, regret of mind, mental worry arises. Thus remorse, regret of mind, mental worry arises because of what has been done and what has not been done.

Or else: "I have not been one who fulfils the precepts" - remorse, regret of mind, mental worry arises; "I am unguarded in the faculties"... "I am immoderate in eating"... "I am not devoted to wakefulness"... "I am not possessed of mindfulness and clear comprehension"... "I have not developed the four foundations of mindfulness"... "I have not developed the four right strivings"... "I have not developed the four bases for spiritual power"... "I have not developed the five faculties"... "I have not developed the five powers"... "I have not developed the seven enlightenment factors"... "I have not developed the Noble Eightfold Path"... "I have not fully understood suffering"... "I have not abandoned the origin"... "I have not developed the path"... "I have not realized cessation" - remorse, regret of mind, mental worry arises. One whose remorse is abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge, he is called one without remorse - not boasting, without remorse.

speaking thoughtfully, not haughty. Wisdom is called reflection. That which is wisdom, understanding... etc... non-delusion, investigation-of-states, right view. Having repeatedly grasped with reflection, he speaks words when speaking much, uttering much, explaining much, expressing much. He does not speak words that are badly spoken, badly uttered, badly stated, badly said, badly expressed - speaking wisely. Not agitated. Therein what is restlessness? That which is restlessness of mind, lack of peace, distraction of consciousness, turmoil of mind - this is called restlessness. One whose restlessness is abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge, he is called not agitated - speaking wisely, not agitated.

That sage indeed is restrained in speech. Here a monk, having abandoned false speech, abstains from false speech; he speaks the truth, is devoted to truth, reliable, trustworthy, not a deceiver of the world. Having abandoned divisive speech, he abstains from divisive speech - he does not repeat elsewhere what he has heard here to divide these people, nor does he repeat here what he has heard elsewhere to divide those people. Thus he is one who reunites those who are divided, a promoter of those who are united, rejoicing in concord, delighting in concord, taking delight in concord, he is a speaker of words that create concord. Having abandoned harsh speech, he abstains from harsh speech - he speaks such words as are gentle, pleasing to the ear, affectionate, going to the heart, urbane, pleasing and agreeable to many people. Having abandoned idle chatter, he abstains from idle chatter - he speaks at the right time, speaks what is factual, speaks what is beneficial, speaks on the Teaching and the discipline; he speaks words worth treasuring, timely, reasonable, well-defined, connected with the goal. Endowed with four kinds of good verbal conduct, he speaks speech free from four faults, aloof from thirty-two kinds of pointless talk, abstained, refrained, gone forth, detached, freed, released, he dwells with a mind made unlimited.

He spoke of ten topics of talk, that is: speaks talk on wanting little, speaks talk on contentment, speaks talk on seclusion... talk on aloofness from society... talk on arousal of energy... talk on virtuous behaviour... talk on concentration... talk on wisdom... talk on liberation... talk on knowledge and vision of liberation... talk on establishment of mindfulness... talk on right striving... talk on basis for spiritual power... talk on faculty... talk on power... talk on enlightenment factor... talk on path... talk on fruition... speaks talk on Nibbāna. Restrained in speech means: controlled, well-controlled, guarded, protected, watched over, calmed. A sage. Knowledge is called sageship. That which is wisdom, understanding... etc... non-delusion, investigation-of-states, right view...etc... that sage who has overcome the net of attachments - that sage indeed is restrained in speech.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

86.

Without attachment to the future. Attachment is called craving. That which is lust, infatuation... etc... covetousness, greed, root of the unwholesome. For whom this attachment, craving is abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge. Thus too is non-attachment to the future. Or else 'May I be of such form in the future course' - there he does not bring delight to that, 'May I be of such feeling... 'May I be of such perception...' 'May I be of such formations...' 'May I be of such consciousness in the future course' - there he does not bring delight to that. Thus too is non-attachment to the future. Or else 'Such might be my eye in the future - such might be forms' - one does not set one's mind on acquiring what has not been acquired, due to that absence of mental wish one does not delight in that; not delighting in that. Thus too is non-attachment to the future. 'Such might be my ear in the future - such might be sounds'... etc... 'Such might be my mind in the future - such might be mind-objects' - one does not set one's mind on acquiring what has not been acquired, due to that absence of mental wish one does not delight in that; not delighting in that. Thus too is non-attachment to the future. Or else 'By this virtue or vow or austerity or holy life, I will become a deity or a certain kind of deity' - one does not set one's mind on acquiring what has not been acquired, due to that absence of mental wish one does not delight in that; not delighting in that. Thus too is non-attachment to the future.

One does not sorrow over the past. He does not sorrow over a changed object, he does not sorrow about an object that has changed, he does not sorrow thinking "My eye has changed", "My ear... my nose... my tongue... my body... my forms... my sounds... my odours... my tastes... my tactile objects... my family... my group... my dwelling... my gain... my fame... my praise... my happiness... my robe... my almsfood... my lodging... my medicinal requisites... my mother... my father... my brother... my sister... my son... my daughter... my friends... my ministers... my relatives... my blood relations have changed", he does not sorrow, does not become weary, does not lament, does not beat his breast, does not fall into confusion - he does not sorrow over the past.

Seeing seclusion in contacts. Eye-contact, ear-contact, nose-contact, tongue-contact, body-contact, mind-contact, designation-contact, sensory impingement-contact, pleasant-feeling contact, painful-feeling contact, neither-painful-nor-pleasant-feeling contact, wholesome contact, unwholesome contact, undeclared contact, sense-sphere contact, form-sphere contact, formless-sphere contact, void contact, signless contact, undirected contact, worldly contact, supramundane contact, past contact, future contact, present contact; whatever such contact, contacting, being in contact, state of being in contact - this is called contact.

Seeing seclusion in contacts. One sees eye-contact as separate from self or what belongs to self or what is permanent or stable or eternal or not subject to change, one sees ear-contact as separate... one sees nose-contact as separate... one sees tongue-contact as separate... one sees body-contact as separate... one sees mind-contact as separate... one sees designation-contact as separate... one sees impingement-contact as separate... contact to be felt as pleasant... contact to be felt as painful... contact to be felt as neither-painful-nor-pleasant... wholesome contact... unwholesome contact... undeclared contact... sense-sphere contact... form-sphere contact... formless-sphere contact... one sees worldly contact as separate from self or what belongs to self or what is permanent or stable or eternal or not subject to change.

Or else one sees past contact as separate from future and present contacts, one sees future contact as separate from past and present contacts, one sees present contact as separate from past and future contacts. Or else, those contacts that are noble, taintless, supramundane, connected with voidness, he sees those contacts as secluded from lust, hatred, delusion, anger, resentment, contempt, insolence, envy, selfishness, deceit, fraud, obstinacy, rivalry, conceit, arrogance, vanity, negligence, from all defilements, all misconduct, all anguish, all passion, all disturbance, all unwholesome volitional formations, he sees them as secluded - seeing seclusion in contacts.

And not led by views. His sixty-two views are abandoned, eliminated, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt up by the fire of knowledge. He is not guided, led, carried, or conveyed by views; nor does he accept and return to that view as being the core - and not led by views.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

87.

Secluded, not deceitful. Secluded means: secluded due to the abandoning of lust, secluded due to the abandoning of hatred, secluded due to the abandoning of delusion, of anger... of resentment... of contempt... of insolence... of envy... of selfishness...etc... secluded due to the abandoning of all unwholesome volitional formations. For this was said by the Blessed One - "And how, monks, is a monk secluded? Here, monks, a monk's conceit "I am" is abandoned, cut off at the root, made like a palm stump, obliterated so that it is no longer subject to future arising. This, monks, is how a monk is secluded" - secluded.

Not deceitful means: three bases of deceit - The basis of deceit reckoned as using requisites, the basis of deceit reckoned as postures, the basis of deceit reckoned as indirect talk.

What is the basis of deceit reckoned as using requisites? Here householders invite a monk to accept robes, almsfood, lodging, and medicinal requisites. Having evil desires and overcome by desire, wanting robes, almsfood, lodging, and medicinal requisites, wishing for more, he refuses robes, refuses almsfood, refuses lodging, refuses medicinal requisites. He speaks thus: "What use are expensive robes to an ascetic! It is proper for an ascetic to collect rags from a charnel ground, a rubbish heap, or a shop, make them into a robe, and wear it. What use is expensive almsfood to an ascetic! It is proper for an ascetic to maintain his life by gathering alms. What use is expensive lodging to an ascetic! It is proper for an ascetic to be one who dwells at the root of a tree, in a charnel ground, or in the open air. What use are expensive medicinal requisites to an ascetic! It is proper for an ascetic to make medicine with fermented urine or a piece of myrobalan." Based on that he wears coarse robes, uses coarse almsfood, uses coarse lodging, uses coarse medicinal requisites. Those householders know him thus: "This ascetic has few wishes, is content, secluded, not socializing, energetic, one who speaks of austere practices," and they invite him more and more with robes, almsfood, lodging, and medicinal requisites. He speaks thus: "In the presence of three things a faithful clansman generates much merit. In the presence of faith a faithful clansman generates much merit, in the presence of a gift a faithful clansman generates much merit, in the presence of those worthy of offerings a faithful clansman generates much merit. You have this faith, and there are gifts available, and I am one who receives. If I do not accept, then you will be excluded from merit. I have no need for this. But I accept out of compassion for you." Based on that he accepts many robes, accepts much almsfood, accepts many medicinal requisites. Whatever frowning and grimacing, deceiving and trickery, state of deception of this kind - This is called the basis of deception consisting in use of requisites.

What is the basis of deception consisting in postures? Here someone with evil desires, overcome by desire, aiming at honour, thinking "thus people will honour me," arranges his walking, arranges his standing, arranges his sitting, arranges his lying down, walks with determination, stands with determination, sits with determination, lies down with determination, walks as if concentrated, stands as if concentrated, sits as if concentrated, lies down as if concentrated, and is like a meditator in public. Whatever arranging, setting up, and establishing of postures, frowning and grimacing, deceiving and trickery, state of deception of this kind - this is called the basis of deception consisting in deportment.

What is the basis of deception consisting in suggestive talk? Here someone with evil desires, overcome by desire, aiming at honour, thinking "thus people will honour me," speaks words based upon the noble Teaching. He says: "One who wears such a robe is an influential ascetic;" "One who carries such a bowl... carries a bronze dish... carries a water filter... carries a strainer... carries a key... wears sandals... wears a waistband... wears a shoulder strap is an influential ascetic;" He says: "One who has such a preceptor is an influential ascetic;" "One who has such a teacher... such fellow pupils of the same preceptor... fellow pupils of the same teacher... friends... acquaintances... intimates... companions is an influential ascetic;" He says: "One who lives in such a dwelling is an influential ascetic;" "One who lives in such a half-gabled house... lives in a mansion... lives in a storied house... lives in a cave... lives in a grotto... lives in a hut... lives in a gabled house... lives in a tower... lives in a pavilion... lives in an attic... lives in an attendance hall... lives in a pavilion... lives at the foot of a tree, is an influential ascetic;"

Or else, being fraudulent, a deceiver, a trickster, a dissembler, one who makes a show of his face, he speaks such profound, hidden, subtle, obscure, supramundane talk connected with emptiness, saying: "This ascetic is one who gains such peaceful meditative attainments." Whatever frowning and grimacing, deceiving and trickery, state of deception of this kind - this is called the basis of deception consisting in suggestive talk. One whose these three bases of deception are abandoned, eliminated, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt up by the fire of knowledge, he is called not deceitful - secluded, not deceitful.

Not envious and not stingy. Yearning means craving. That which is lust, infatuation... etc... covetousness, greed, root of the unwholesome. For whom this yearning, craving is abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge, he is called one without yearning. He yearns not for forms, sounds... odours... tastes... tactile objects... in family... in group... in dwelling... in gain... in fame... in praise... in happiness... in robe... in almsfood... in lodging... in medicinal requisites... in sense-sphere element... in form-sphere element... in formless-sphere element... in sense-sphere existence... in form-sphere existence... in formless-sphere existence... in existence with perception... in existence without perception... in existence with neither perception nor non-perception... in existence with one aggregate... in existence with four aggregates... in existence with five aggregates... in past... in future... in present... he yearns not for, wishes not for, delights not in, yearns not for, longs not for things seen, heard, sensed and cognized - without yearning. Not stingy means the five kinds of selfishness - selfishness regarding dwellings, selfishness regarding families, selfishness regarding gains, selfishness regarding praise, selfishness regarding the Teaching. Whatever selfishness, being selfish, state of being selfish, stinginess, meanness, tight-fistedness, state of not giving up in the mind - this is called selfishness. Moreover, selfishness regarding aggregates is selfishness, selfishness regarding elements is selfishness, selfishness regarding sense bases is selfishness - this grasping - this is called selfishness. One whose selfishness is abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge, he is called not stingy - without yearning, not stingy.

Not bold, not loathsome. Impudence means three kinds of impudence - bodily impudence, verbal impudence, mental impudence. What is bodily impudence? Here someone shows bodily impudence when in the Community, shows bodily impudence when in a group, shows bodily impudence in the dining hall, shows bodily impudence in the bath house, shows bodily impudence at the bathing place, shows bodily impudence when entering among houses, shows bodily impudence when gone among houses.

How does one show bodily impudence when in the Community? Here someone when in the Community stands jostling elder monks disrespectfully, sits jostling them, stands in front of them, sits in front of them, sits on a higher seat, sits with the head covered, speaks while standing, speaks while waving the arms about. Thus one shows bodily impudence when in the Community.

How does one show bodily impudence when in a group? Here someone when in a group disrespectfully walks with sandals while elder monks are walking without sandals, walks on a higher walkway while they are walking on a lower walkway, walks on the walkway while they are walking on the ground, stands jostling them, sits jostling them, stands in front of them, sits in front of them, sits on a higher seat, sits with the head covered, speaks while standing, speaks while waving the arms about. Thus one shows bodily impudence when in a group.

How does one show bodily impudence in the dining hall? Here someone in the dining hall disrespectfully sits down by encroaching upon elder monks, prevents new monks with a seat, stands jostling them, sits jostling them, stands in front of them, sits in front of them, sits on a higher seat, sits with the head covered, speaks while standing, speaks while waving the arms about. Thus one shows bodily impudence in the dining hall.

How does one show bodily impudence in the bath house? Here someone in the bath house disrespectfully stands jostling elder monks, sits jostling them, stands in front of them, sits in front of them, sits on a higher seat, puts in firewood without asking and without being told, closes the door, speaks while waving the arms about. Thus one shows bodily impudence in the bath house.

How does one show bodily impudence at the bathing place? Here someone at the bathing place disrespectfully enters the water jostling elder monks, enters in front of them, bathes jostling them, bathes in front of them, bathes above them, comes out jostling them, comes out in front of them, comes out above them. Thus one shows bodily impudence at the bathing place.

How does one show bodily impudence when entering among houses? Here someone when entering among houses disrespectfully walks jostling elder monks, walks in front of them, and walks right in front of elder monks by pushing past them. Thus one shows bodily impudence when entering among houses.

How does one show bodily impudence when gone among houses? Here someone when gone among houses enters when told "Do not enter, Venerable Sir," stands when told "Do not stand, Venerable Sir," sits when told "Do not sit, Venerable Sir," enters inappropriate places, stands in inappropriate places, sits in inappropriate places, and enters those private and concealed rooms of families. Where women of families, daughters of families, daughters-in-law of families, and girls of families are sitting, there too he suddenly enters and touches even a boy's head. Thus one shows bodily impudence when gone among houses - this shows bodily impudence.

What shows verbal impudence? Here someone shows verbal impudence when in the Community, shows verbal impudence when in a group, shows verbal impudence when gone among houses.

How does one show verbal impudence when in the Community? Here someone when in the Community disrespectfully teaches the Teaching to monks who have come to the monastery without asking or being told by elder monks, answers questions, recites the code of monastic rules, speaks while standing, speaks while waving the arms about. Thus one shows verbal impudence when in the Community.

How does one show verbal impudence when in a group? Here someone when in a group disrespectfully teaches the Teaching to monks who have come to the monastery without asking or being told by elder monks, answers questions, speaks while standing, speaks while waving the arms about. Teaches the Teaching to nuns, male lay followers and female lay followers who have come to the monastery, answers questions, speaks while standing, speaks while waving the arms about. Thus one shows verbal impudence when in a group.

How does one show verbal impudence when gone among houses? Here someone when gone among houses says this to a woman or girl: "One of such name, of such clan, what is there? Is there gruel, is there rice, is there something to chew? What shall we drink, what shall we eat, what shall we chew? What is there, or what will you give me?" - he prattles on, whatever such talk, prattle, chatter, wailing, state of wailing, state of prattling. Thus one shows verbal impudence when gone among houses - this is verbal impudence.

What is mental impudence? Here someone gone forth from a low family considers himself equal in mind with one gone forth from a high family, one gone forth from a small family considers himself equal in mind with one gone forth from a great family, one gone forth from a poor family considers himself equal in mind with one gone forth from a wealthy family, one gone forth from a modest family considers himself equal in mind with... not being learned in the discourses considers himself equal in mind with one learned in the discourses, not being an expert in discipline considers himself equal in mind with... not being a teacher of the Teaching considers himself equal in mind with... not being a forest-dweller considers himself equal in mind with... not being an almsfood-eater considers himself equal in mind with... not being a rag-robe wearer considers himself equal in mind with... not being a three-robe wearer considers himself equal in mind with... not being one who goes on uninterrupted almsround considers himself equal in mind with... not being one who eats at one sitting considers himself equal in mind with... not being one who practices the sitting meditation considers himself equal in mind with... not being one who accepts any sleeping place considers himself equal in mind with... not being an attainer of the first meditation considers himself equal in mind with one who attains the first meditation...etc... not being an attainer of the base of neither-perception-nor-non-perception considers himself equal in mind with one who attains the base of neither-perception-nor-non-perception - this is mental presumptuousness. One whose these three kinds of presumptuousness are abandoned, eliminated, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt up by the fire of knowledge, he is called unpresumptuous - unpresumptuous.

Not loathsome. There is a repugnant individual, and there is a non-repugnant individual. And what is a repugnant individual? Here, someone is immoral, of evil nature, of impure and suspicious conduct, of concealed actions, not an ascetic while claiming to be one, not living the holy life while claiming to live it, inwardly rotten, corrupted, of depraved nature - this is called a repugnant individual. Or else one is prone to anger and full of despair, and even when criticised slightly becomes irritated, angry, repelled, stubborn and shows anger, hatred and displeasure - this is called a repugnant individual. Or else one is prone to anger and resentful, contemptuous and insolent, envious and miserly, crafty and deceitful, stubborn and arrogant, of evil desires and wrong views, grasping to one's own views and difficult to let go - this is called a repugnant individual.

And what is a non-repugnant individual? Here, a monk is virtuous, dwells restrained by the restraint of the code of monastic rules, possessed of proper conduct and resort, seeing danger in the slightest faults, trains in the training rules he has undertaken - this is called a non-repugnant individual. Or else one is not prone to anger and not full of despair, and even when spoken to much does not become annoyed, does not become angry, is not repelled, does not become stubborn, and does not show anger, hatred and displeasure - this is called a non-repugnant individual. Or else one is not prone to anger and without resentment, without contempt and without insolence, not envious and not stingy, not deceitful and not deceitful, not stubborn and not arrogant, not of evil desires and not of wrong view, not grasping at views and not holding on, easily relinquishing - this is called a non-repugnant individual. All foolish worldlings are repugnant, but in reference to the good worldling, the eight noble individuals are non-repugnant - unpresumptuous and non-repugnant.

And not engaged in slander. Divisive speech: here someone engages in divisive speech, having heard something here, he repeats it elsewhere to divide these people, or having heard something elsewhere, he repeats it here to divide those people. Thus he is one who divides those who are united, a promoter of those who are divided, rejoicing in conflict, delighting in conflict, taking delight in conflict, he is a speaker of words that create conflict - this is called divisive speech.

Moreover, divisive speech is engaged in for two reasons - out of desire for endearment, or with the intention to cause division. How does one engage in slander out of desire for endearment? "I will be dear to him, I will be agreeable to him, I will be trusted, I will be intimate, I will be a close friend." Thus one engages in slander out of desire for endearment. How does one engage in slander with the intention to cause division? "How might these be different, be separated, be divided, be split, be in two factions, be in two parties, be broken up, not come together, dwell painfully, not at ease?" Thus one engages in slander with the intention to cause division. One whose slander is abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge, he is not engaged, not yoked, not devoted, not properly yoked to slander - and not engaged in slander.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

88.

Not flowing in pleasures means: Pleasures are called the five cords of sensual pleasure. For what reason are the five cords of sensual pleasure called pleasures? Most deities and human beings wish for, approve of, long for, yearn for, and pray for the five cords of sensual pleasure, for this reason the five cords of sensual pleasure are called pleasures. For those in whom this craving for pleasure is not abandoned, craving for forms flows, pours, streams, proceeds from the eye, craving for sounds from the ear... craving for odours from the nose... craving for tastes from the tongue... craving for tactile objects from the body... craving for mind-objects flows, pours, streams, proceeds from the mind. For those in whom this craving for pleasure is abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge, craving for forms does not flow, does not pour, does not stream, does not proceed from the eye, craving for sounds from the ear...etc... craving for mind-objects does not flow, does not pour, does not stream, does not proceed from the mind - not flowing in pleasures.

And not engaged in arrogance means: What is arrogance? Here someone despises another by birth, or by clan...etc... or by some other ground. Whatever conceit of such a kind, conceiving, state of conceiving, elevation, state of elevation, flag, assumption, desire for a banner of the mind - this is called arrogance. One in whom that arrogance has been abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge, he is not engaged, not yoked, not devoted, not properly yoked to arrogance - and not engaged in arrogance.

Gentle and of ready wit means: "Gentle" means one endowed with gentle bodily action is gentle, with gentle verbal action... one endowed with gentle mental action is gentle, one endowed with gentle foundations of mindfulness is gentle, with gentle right strivings... with gentle bases for spiritual power... with gentle faculties... with gentle powers... one endowed with gentle enlightenment factors is gentle, one endowed with the gentle Noble Eightfold Path - gentle.

"Of ready wit" - there are three kinds of those with ready wit - ingenuity in learning, ingenuity in questioning, ingenuity in achievement. What is ingenuity in learning? Here someone has naturally learned - the discourses, mixed prose and verse, explanations, verses, inspired utterances, quotations, birth stories, marvellous accounts, and questions-and-answers, based on that learning he has ingenuity - this is ingenuity in learning. What is ingenuity in questioning? Here someone has questioned about the meaning for oneself, the true way, characteristics, reasons, and possibilities and impossibilities, based on that questioning he has ingenuity - this is ingenuity in questioning. What is ingenuity in achievement? Here someone has achieved the four foundations of mindfulness, the four right strivings, the four bases for spiritual power, the five faculties, the five powers, the seven enlightenment factors, the Noble Eightfold Path, the four noble paths, the four fruits of asceticism, the four analytical knowledges, the six direct knowledges, he knows the meaning, knows the Teaching, knows the language, when meaning is known meaning becomes clear, when Teaching is known Teaching becomes clear, when language is known language becomes clear; knowledge of these three kinds of knowledge is analytical knowledge of ingenuity. One who is possessed, fully possessed, attained, fully attained, entered upon, fully entered upon, endowed with this analytical knowledge of ingenuity is called ingenious. For one who has no learning, no questioning, no achievement, what ingenuity will there be - gentle and of ready wit.

Not faithful nor detached. Not having faith means one does not believe in the Teaching directly known and personally realized by oneself to any other ascetic or brahmin or deity or Māra or Brahmā. "All formations are impermanent" directly known by oneself...etc... "All formations are suffering"... "All phenomena are non-self"... "With ignorance as condition, formations arise"...etc... "With birth as condition, aging-and-death"... "With the cessation of ignorance there is cessation of formations"...etc... "With the cessation of birth there is cessation of aging-and-death"... "This is suffering"...etc... "This is the way leading to the cessation of suffering"... "These are the taints"...etc... "This is the way leading to the cessation of the taints"... "These things should be directly known"...etc... "These things should be realized" directly known by oneself...etc... the origin, disappearance, gratification, danger, and escape regarding the six bases of contact, the origin of the five aggregates of clinging...etc... the origin, disappearance, gratification, danger, and escape regarding the four great elements directly known by oneself...etc... "Whatever has the nature to arise, all that has the nature to cease" - one does not believe the Teaching directly known and personally realized by oneself to any other ascetic or brahmin or deity or Māra or Brahmā.

For this was said by the Blessed One - "Do you believe, Sāriputta, that the faculty of faith when developed and cultivated becomes grounded upon the Deathless, with the Deathless as its destination, with the Deathless as its final goal; the faculty of energy... the faculty of mindfulness... the faculty of concentration... the faculty of wisdom when developed and cultivated becomes grounded upon the Deathless, with the Deathless as its destination, with the Deathless as its final goal?"

"In this matter, Venerable Sir, I do not go by faith in the Blessed One regarding the faculty of faith... the faculty of energy... the faculty of mindfulness... the faculty of concentration... the faculty of wisdom when developed and cultivated becomes grounded upon the Deathless, with the Deathless as its destination, with the Deathless as its final goal. "Venerable Sir, those who have not known, not seen, not understood, not realized, not experienced this with wisdom, they would go by faith in others regarding this - the faculty of faith when developed and cultivated becomes grounded upon the Deathless, with the Deathless as its destination, with the Deathless as its final goal. The faculty of energy... the faculty of mindfulness... the faculty of concentration... the faculty of wisdom when developed and cultivated becomes grounded upon the Deathless, with the Deathless as its destination, with the Deathless as its final goal. But Venerable Sir, those who have known, seen, understood, realized, and experienced this with wisdom, they are without perplexity, without doubt regarding this. The faculty of faith... the faculty of energy... the faculty of mindfulness... the faculty of concentration... the faculty of wisdom when developed and cultivated becomes grounded upon the Deathless, with the Deathless as its destination, with the Deathless as its final goal. And I, Venerable Sir, have known, seen, understood, realized, and experienced this with wisdom, I am without perplexity, without doubt regarding this. The faculty of faith... the faculty of energy... the faculty of mindfulness... the faculty of concentration... the faculty of wisdom when developed and cultivated becomes grounded upon the Deathless, with the Deathless as its destination, with the Deathless as its final goal."

"Good, good, Sāriputta! "Sāriputta, those who have not known, not seen, not understood, not realized, not experienced this with wisdom, they would go by faith in others regarding this - the faculty of faith...etc... the faculty of wisdom when developed and cultivated becomes grounded upon the Deathless, with the Deathless as its destination, with the Deathless as its final goal."

Not faithful nor detached. All foolish worldlings lust, in comparison to the good worldling seven trainees become dispassionate. An arahant neither lusts nor becomes dispassionate, he is dispassionate due to the destruction of lust, being without lust, due to the destruction of hatred, being without hatred, due to the destruction of delusion, being without delusion. He has lived the life, fulfilled his conduct...etc... the round of birth and death, for him there is no renewed existence - not faithful nor detached.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

89.

One does not train for the sake of gain, and does not become angry at loss means: How does one train for the sake of gain? Here, monks, a monk sees a monk who is a recipient of robes, almsfood, lodgings and medicinal requisites. He thinks thus: "By what means is this venerable one a recipient of robes, almsfood, lodgings and medicinal requisites?" He thinks thus: "This venerable one is one who knows the discourses, therefore this venerable one is a recipient of robes, almsfood, lodgings and medicinal requisites." For the cause of gain, with gain as condition, for the reason of gain, for the arising of gain, nurturing gain, he learns the discourses. Thus too one trains for the sake of gain.

Or else a monk sees a monk who is a recipient of robes, almsfood, lodgings and medicinal requisites. He thinks thus: "By what means is this venerable one a recipient of robes, almsfood, lodgings and medicinal requisites?" He thinks thus: "This venerable one is one who knows the discipline...etc... a Teaching speaker... one who knows the higher Teaching, therefore this venerable one is a recipient of robes, almsfood, lodgings and medicinal requisites." For the cause of gain, with gain as condition, for the reason of gain, for the arising of gain, nurturing gain, he learns the higher Teaching. Thus too one trains for the sake of gain.

Or else a monk sees a monk who is a recipient of robes, almsfood, lodgings and medicinal requisites. He thinks thus: "By what means is this venerable one a recipient of robes, almsfood, lodgings and medicinal requisites?" He thinks thus: "This venerable one is a forest-dweller... an almsfood eater... a rag-robe wearer... a three-robe wearer... one who goes on almsround without skipping houses... one who eats only at one sitting... a continuous sitter... one who uses any bed that is offered, therefore this venerable one is a recipient of robes, almsfood, lodgings and medicinal requisites." For the cause of gain, with gain as condition, for the reason of gain, for the arising of gain, nurturing gain, he becomes a forest-dweller...etc... he is one who uses any bed that is offered. Thus too one trains for the sake of gain.

How does one not train for the sake of gain? Here a monk, not because of gain, not with gain as condition, not for the reason of gain, not for the production of gain, not nurturing gain, but only for the purpose of self-taming, for the purpose of self-righteousness, for the purpose of self-quenching, learns the discourses, learns the discipline, learns the higher Teaching. Thus one does not train for the sake of gain.

Or else a monk, not because of gain, not with gain as condition, not for the reason of gain, not for the production of gain, not nurturing gain, but only depending on fewness of wishes, depending on contentment, depending on effacement, depending on seclusion, depending on this purpose, becomes a forest-dweller, an almsfood-eater, a rag-robe-wearer, a three-robe-wearer, one who goes on almsround without skipping houses, one who eats only before noon, a continuous sitter, one who uses any bed that is offered. Thus one does not train for the sake of gain means: one does not train for the sake of gain.

And does not become angry at loss means: How does one become angry at not gaining? Here someone becomes annoyed, angry, stubborn, and shows anger, hatred and displeasure, thinking: "I do not get a family, I do not get a group, I do not get a dwelling, I do not get gain, I do not get fame, I do not get praise, I do not get happiness, I do not get a robe, I do not get almsfood, I do not get lodging, I do not get medicinal requisites, I do not get a nurse for the sick, I am unknown." Thus one becomes angry at not gaining.

How does one not become angry at not gaining? Here a monk "I do not get a family, I do not get a group... etc... I am unknown" - does not become annoyed, is not repelled, does not become stubborn, and does not show anger, hatred and displeasure. Thus does not become angry at not gaining means: one does not train for the sake of gain, and does not become angry at loss.

And not opposed by craving, one does not get greedy for tastes. Whatever resentment of mind, repulsion, aversion, opposition, irritation, anger, fury, hatred, hostility, intense hostility, corruption of mind, mental hostility, anger, being angry, state of being angry, hate, being hateful, state of being hateful, being repelled, state of being repelled, state of being hostile, opposition, resistance, ferocity, demonic state, displeasure of mind - this is called opposition. One in whom this opposition has been abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge, he is called without opposition. Craving is craving for forms, craving for sounds, craving for odours, craving for tastes, craving for tactile objects, craving for mind-objects. Taste is root taste, trunk taste, bark taste, leaf taste, flower taste, fruit taste, sour, sweet, bitter, pungent, salty, alkaline, astringent, harsh, pleasant, unpleasant, cold, hot. There are some ascetics and brahmins who are greedy for tastes. They wander about seeking the finest tastes with the tip of the tongue, having obtained something sour, they seek what is not sour, having obtained what is not sour, they seek what is sour; having obtained something sweet, they seek what is not sweet, having obtained what is not sweet, they seek what is sweet; having obtained something bitter, they seek what is not bitter, having obtained what is not bitter, they seek what is bitter; having obtained something pungent, they seek what is not pungent, having obtained what is not pungent, they seek what is pungent; having obtained something salty, they seek what is not salty, having obtained what is not salty, they seek what is salty; having obtained something alkaline, they seek what is not alkaline, having obtained what is not alkaline, they seek what is alkaline; having obtained something astringent, they seek what is harsh, having obtained what is harsh, they seek what is astringent; having obtained something pleasant, they seek what is unpleasant, having obtained what is unpleasant, they seek what is pleasant; having obtained something cold, they seek what is hot, having obtained what is hot, they seek what is cold. Whatever they obtain, they are not satisfied with that but seek more and more, they are impassioned, greedy, tied, infatuated, blindly absorbed, stuck, attached, and hindered regarding agreeable tastes. For one in whom this craving for taste has been abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge, he takes food after careful reflection - "neither for amusement, nor for vanity, nor for adornment, nor for beautification, but just for the maintenance and sustenance of this body, for avoiding harm, for supporting the holy life. Thus I shall terminate old feelings without arousing new feelings, and I shall have blamelessness and dwelling in comfort."

Just as one would apply medicine just for the purpose of healing a wound, or just as one would grease an axle just for the purpose of transporting a load, or just as one would eat child's flesh as food just for the purpose of crossing the wilderness; even so a monk takes food after careful reflection - "neither for amusement...etc... and dwelling in comfort." He abandons, dispels, terminates and obliterates craving for taste, aloof from craving for taste, abstained, refrained, gone forth, detached, freed, released, he dwells with a mind made unlimited - And not opposed by craving, one does not get greedy for tastes.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

90.

Always equanimous and mindful means: 'Equanimous' means endowed with the six-factored equanimity. When seeing a form with the eye, he is neither glad nor sad, but dwells equanimous, mindful and clearly comprehending. When hearing a sound with the ear... When cognizing a mental phenomenon with the mind, he is neither glad nor sad, but dwells equanimous, mindful and clearly comprehending. When seeing a form with the eye that is agreeable, he does not covet it, does not delight in it, does not generate lust; his body remains stable, his mind internally well-established and well-liberated. When seeing a form with the eye that is disagreeable, he is not dejected, his mind is not unestablished, his heart is not downcast, his mind is not ill-willed; his body remains stable, his mind internally well-established and well-liberated. When hearing a sound with the ear... When smelling an odour with the nose... When tasting a flavour with the tongue... When touching a tactile object with the body... When cognizing a mental phenomenon with the mind that is agreeable, he does not covet it, does not delight in it, does not generate lust; his body remains stable, his mind internally well-established and well-liberated. When cognizing a mental phenomenon with the mind that is disagreeable, he is not dejected, his mind is not unestablished, his heart is not downcast, his mind is not ill-willed; his body remains stable, his mind internally well-established and well-liberated.

When seeing a form with the eye, his body remains stable regarding forms that are agreeable and disagreeable, his mind internally well-established and well-liberated. When hearing a sound with the ear... When cognizing a mental phenomenon with the mind, his body remains stable regarding mental phenomena that are agreeable and disagreeable, his mind internally well-established and well-liberated.

When seeing a form with the eye, one does not lust in what is lustful, does not hate in what is hateful, does not become deluded in what is delusive, does not become angry in what is irritating, does not become intoxicated in what is intoxicating, does not become defiled in what is defiling. When hearing a sound with the ear... When cognizing a mental phenomenon with the mind, one does not lust in what is lustful, does not hate in what is hateful, does not become deluded in what is delusive, does not become angry in what is irritating, does not become intoxicated in what is intoxicating, does not become defiled in what is defiling. In what is seen, just the seen; in what is heard, just the heard; in what is sensed, just the sensed; in what is cognized, just the cognized. One does not cling to what is seen, does not cling to what is heard, does not cling to what is sensed, does not cling to what is cognized. Regarding what is seen, one dwells unattracted, unrepelled, independent, unattached, freed, released, with a mind made unlimited. Regarding what is heard... Regarding what is sensed... Regarding what is cognized, one dwells unattracted, unrepelled, independent, unattached, freed, released, with a mind made unlimited.

The Worthy One has an eye, the Worthy One sees forms with the eye. The Worthy One has no desire and lust, the Worthy One is well liberated in mind. The Worthy One has an ear, the Worthy One hears sounds with the ear. The Worthy One has no desire and lust, the Worthy One is well liberated in mind. The Worthy One has a nose, the Worthy One smells odours with the nose. The Worthy One has no desire and lust, the Worthy One is well liberated in mind. The Worthy One has a tongue, the Worthy One tastes flavours with the tongue...etc... The Worthy One has a body, the Worthy One touches tactile objects with the body...etc... The Worthy One has a mind, the Worthy One cognizes mental phenomena with the mind. The Worthy One has no desire and lust, the Worthy One is well liberated in mind.

The eye delights in forms, finds pleasure in forms, rejoices in forms; that has been tamed, guarded, protected, and restrained by the Worthy One, and he teaches the Teaching for its restraint. The ear delights in sounds...etc... The nose delights in odours... The tongue delights in tastes, finds pleasure in tastes, rejoices in tastes; that has been tamed, guarded, protected, and restrained by the Worthy One, and he teaches the Teaching for its restraint. The body delights in tactile objects...etc... The mind delights in mind-objects, finds pleasure in mind-objects, rejoices in mind-objects; that has been tamed, guarded, protected, and restrained by the Worthy One, and he teaches the Teaching for its restraint.

Always equanimous. Always, at all times, all the time, perpetually, constantly... etc... in the last stage of life. "Mindful" in four ways one is mindful - one is mindful developing the establishment of mindfulness by contemplating the body in the body, in feelings... In mind... one is mindful developing the establishment of mindfulness by contemplating mind-objects in mind-objects... etc... one is called mindful - always equanimous and mindful.

One does not conceive oneself as equal in the world. One does not generate conceit as 'I am equal' by birth, or by clan...etc... or by some other ground means - one does not conceive oneself as equal in the world.

Neither superior nor inferior. One does not generate arrogance as 'I am superior' by birth, or by clan...etc... or by some other ground. One does not generate inferiority complex as 'I am inferior' by birth, or by clan...etc... or by some other ground means - neither superior nor inferior.

For him there are no swellings. His means of the Worthy One whose taints are destroyed. Swellings means: seven swellings - swelling of lust, swelling of hatred, swelling of delusion, swelling of conceit, swelling of views, swelling of defilements, swelling of actions. For him these swellings do not exist, are not found, are not seen, are not obtained, are abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge - for him there are no swellings.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

91.

For whom there is no dependency. For whom means: for the Worthy One with taints destroyed. Dependencies means: two dependencies - dependency on craving and dependency on views...etc... this is dependency on craving...etc... this is dependency on views. For him dependency on craving is abandoned, dependency on views is relinquished; due to the abandonment of dependency on craving and the relinquishment of dependency on views, dependency for whom does not exist, is not found, is not seen, is not obtained, is abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge - for whom there is no dependency.

Having known the Teaching, independent means: Having known means: having known, having understood, having weighed, having judged, having understood, having made clear, "All formations are impermanent" having known, having understood, having weighed, having judged, having understood, having made clear, "All formations are suffering"... "All phenomena are non-self"...etc... "Whatever has the nature to arise, all that has the nature to cease" having known, having understood, having weighed, having judged, having understood, having made clear. Independent means two dependencies - dependency on craving and dependency on views...etc... this is dependency on craving...etc... this is dependency on views. Having abandoned dependency on craving and relinquished dependency on views, independent of eye, independent of ear, independent of nose, independent of tongue, independent of body, independent of mind, in forms... sounds... odours... tastes... tactile objects... in family... in group... dwelling...etc... regarding things seen, heard, sensed and cognized, unattached, unadhered, unapproached, not taken to, not adhered to, gone forth, detached, freed, released, he dwells with a mind made unlimited - having known the Teaching, independent.

For existence or non-existence, no craving is found in him. Craving is craving for forms, craving for sounds, craving for odours, craving for tastes, craving for tactile objects, craving for mind-objects. For whom means: for the Worthy One with taints destroyed. For existence means: for the view of existence, for non-existence means: for the view of non-existence; for existence means: for the eternalist view, for non-existence means: for the annihilationist view; for existence means: for repeated existence, for repeated destination, for repeated rebirth, for repeated re-linking, for repeated production of individual existence. Craving for whom does not exist, is not found, is not seen, is not obtained, is abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge - for existence or non-existence, no craving is found in him.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

92.

I declare him to be peaceful. Peaceful, fully peaceful, quenched, tranquillized. I declare him, speak of him, utter of him, explain of him, express of him - I declare him to be peaceful.

Indifferent to sensual pleasures. "Sensual pleasures" in brief are twofold - objects of sensual pleasure and defilements of sensual pleasure... etc... these are called objective sensual pleasures... etc... these are called defiling sensual pleasures. Having fully understood material sensual pleasures and having abandoned, given up, dispelled, terminated and obliterated sensual desire, without regard for sensual pleasures, free from sensual pleasure, having given up sensual pleasure, having vomited sensual pleasure, having released sensual pleasure, having abandoned sensual pleasure, having relinquished sensual pleasure, free from lust regarding sensual pleasures, with lust gone, having given up lust, having vomited lust, having released lust, having abandoned lust, having relinquished lust, without hunger, quenched, become cool, experiencing happiness, dwelling with a self become divine - indifferent to sensual pleasures.

No knots are found in him. Knots means: four knots - covetousness as a bodily knot, ill will as a bodily knot, grasping of rules and observances as a bodily knot, adherence to 'this is truth' as a bodily knot. Lust for one's own view is covetousness as a bodily knot, resentment and displeasure towards others' doctrines is ill will as a bodily knot, grasping at one's own virtue or vow or rules and vows is grasping of rules and observances as a bodily knot, one's own view is adherence to 'this is truth' as a bodily knot. His means of the Worthy One whose taints are destroyed. No knots are found in him. Knots for him do not exist, are not found, are not seen, are not obtained, are abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge - no knots are found in him.

He has crossed over attachment. Craving is called entanglement. That which is lust, infatuation... etc... covetousness, greed, root of the unwholesome. Why is it called entanglement? It is entanglement because it spreads, it is entanglement because it is extensive, it is entanglement because it diffuses, it is entanglement because it is unrighteous, it is entanglement because it entangles, it is entanglement because it constricts, it is entanglement because it deceives, it is entanglement because it has poisonous roots, it is entanglement because it has poisonous fruits, it is entanglement because it has poisonous results, that craving is extensive in forms... sounds... odours... tastes... tactile objects... family... group... dwelling...etc... in things seen, heard, sensed and cognized - spread out and extended, thus it is entanglement. He has crossed over attachment. He has crossed over, transcended, passed beyond, overcome and gone beyond this entangling craving - he has crossed over attachment.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

93.

He has no children or cattle, fields or property are not found means: Inclination is rejection. His means of the Worthy One whose taints are destroyed. Children means four kinds of children - a child born of oneself, a child born in the field, an adopted child, a pupil child. Cattle means: Goats and sheep, fowl and pigs, elephants, cattle, horses and mares. Fields means: rice fields, paddy fields, green gram fields, bean fields, barley fields, wheat fields, sesame fields. Land: house land, storehouse land, front land, back land, park land, monastery land. He has no children or cattle, fields or property are not found means: For him possession of children or possession of cattle or possession of fields or possession of property do not exist, are not found, are not seen, are not obtained, are abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge - he has no children or cattle, fields or property are not found.

Neither self nor non-self is obtained in him means: 'Self' means identity view, 'non-self' means annihilation view; there is nothing grasped as 'self', there is nothing to be released as 'non-self'. For one who has nothing grasped, there is nothing to be released. For one who has nothing to be released, there is nothing grasped. An arahant has transcended grasping and releasing, gone beyond growth and decline. He has lived the life, fulfilled his conduct...etc... the round of birth and death, for him there is no renewed existence - neither self nor non-self is obtained in him.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

94.

By which worldlings might speak of him, and ascetics and brahmins means: "Worldlings": they are worldlings because they generate numerous defilements, they are worldlings because they have not destroyed identity view, they are worldlings because they look up to numerous teachers, they are worldlings because they have not risen up from all destinations, they are worldlings because they form numerous volitional formations, they are worldlings because they are carried away by numerous floods, they are worldlings because they are tormented by numerous torments, they are worldlings because they are consumed by numerous fevers of passion, they are worldlings because they are impassioned, greedy, tied, infatuated, blindly absorbed, stuck, attached, and hindered regarding the five cords of sensual pleasure, they are worldlings because they are hindered, obstructed, covered, concealed, and closed off by the five hindrances - worldlings. Ascetics: whoever outside of this have gone forth, have entered the life of wanderers. Brahmins: whoever use the term of address "bho". By which worldlings might speak of him, and ascetics and brahmins means: By which lust worldlings might speak of him, by which hatred they might speak, by which delusion they might speak, by which conceit they might speak, by which view they might speak, by which restlessness they might speak, by which doubt they might speak, by which underlying tendencies they might speak, as one who is lustful or full of hate or deluded or imprisoned or grasped or distracted or not arrived at the goal or obstinate - those volitional formations are abandoned; due to volitional formations being abandoned, by which destination they might speak of him - as one in hell or in the animal realm or in the domain of ghosts or as a human being or a deity or as one having form or formless or percipient or non-percipient or neither percipient nor non-percipient. There is no cause, no condition, no reason by which they would speak, tell, say, explain, express - by which worldlings might speak of him, and ascetics and brahmins.

That is not put forward for him. His means of the Worthy One whose taints are destroyed. Putting in front: there are two ways of putting in front - putting craving in front and putting view in front...etc... this is putting craving in front...etc... this is putting view in front. For him putting craving in front is abandoned, putting view in front is relinquished; since putting craving in front is abandoned and putting view in front is relinquished, he does not live having put either craving or view in front, not with craving as his banner, not with craving as his flag, not with craving as his authority, not with view as his banner, not with view as his flag, not with view as his authority, he does not live surrounded by either craving or view - that is not put forward by him.

Therefore he does not stir amid doctrines. Therefore means: for that reason, because of that cause, because of that condition, because of that source, amid doctrines, reproaches, blame, censure, dishonour and dispraise, one does not stir, does not move, does not shake, does not tremble, does not quiver, does not quake - therefore one does not stir amid doctrines.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

95.

Free from greed and not stingy means: Greed is called craving. That which is lust, infatuation... etc... covetousness, greed, root of the unwholesome. One in whom this greed has been abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge, he is called free from greed. He is without greed for forms... etc... in things seen, heard, sensed and cognized, without greed, not tied to it, not infatuated, not clinging, free from greed, with greed gone, having given up greed, having vomited greed, having released greed, having abandoned greed, having relinquished greed, without hunger... etc... dwelling with a self become divine - free from greed. Not stingy means: selfishness means five kinds of selfishness - selfishness regarding dwellings, selfishness regarding families, selfishness regarding gains, selfishness regarding praise, selfishness regarding the Teaching. Whatever of such kind... etc... grasping - this is called selfishness. One whose selfishness is abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge, he is called not stingy - free from greed and not stingy.

The sage does not speak of higher ones, not of equal ones nor lower ones. A sage. Knowledge is called sageship...etc... that sage who has overcome the net of attachments. He does not speak, talk, say, explain, or express 'I am better' or 'I am equal' or 'I am inferior' - The sage does not speak of higher ones, not of equal ones nor lower ones.

Being beyond making, he does not go to an aeon. Aeons: there are two aeons - the aeon of craving and the aeon of views... etc... this is the aeon of craving... etc... this is the aeon of views. For him the aeon of craving is abandoned, the aeon of views is relinquished; since the aeon of craving is abandoned and the aeon of views is relinquished, he does not come to, does not go to, does not approach, does not grasp, does not adhere to, does not cling to either the aeon of craving or the aeon of views - he does not go to an aeon. Beyond making means: Aeons: there are two aeons - the aeon of craving and the aeon of views... etc... this is the aeon of craving... etc... this is the aeon of views. For him the aeon of craving is abandoned, the aeon of views is relinquished; since the aeon of craving is abandoned and the aeon of views is relinquished, he does not construct, generate, produce, bring forth or manifest either the aeon of craving or the aeon of views - being beyond making, he does not go to an aeon.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

96.

One who has nothing of their own in the world. For whom means: for the Worthy One with taints destroyed. Nothing of their own in the world means: Whatever exists of form, feeling, perception, formations, and consciousness taken, adhered to, inclined to, entered upon, attached to, resolved upon as "This is mine or this belongs to others" does not exist, is not found...etc... burnt by the fire of knowledge - one who has nothing of their own in the world. And does not sorrow over what is not means: He does not sorrow over a changed object, he does not sorrow about an object that has changed. He does not sorrow thinking "My eye has changed". "My ear... my nose... my tongue... my body... my mind... my forms... my sounds... my odours... my tastes... my tactile objects... my family... my group... my dwelling... my gain... my fame... my praise... my happiness... my robe... my almsfood... my lodging... my medicinal requisites... my mother... my father... my brother... my sister... my son... my daughter... my friends... my ministers... my relatives... my blood relations have changed", he does not sorrow, does not become weary, does not lament, does not beat his breast, does not fall into confusion. Thus too, and does not sorrow over what is not.

Or else, being touched by, overcome by, confused by, possessed by non-existent painful feeling, he does not sorrow, does not become weary, does not lament, does not beat his breast, does not fall into confusion. Being touched by, overcome by, confused by, possessed by eye disease, he does not sorrow, does not become weary, does not lament, does not beat his breast, does not fall into confusion, with ear disease... with nose disease... with tongue disease... with bodily disease... with head disease... with ear disease... with mouth disease... with tooth disease... with cough... with asthma... with cold... with fever... with jaundice... with stomach disease... with fainting... with dysentery... with colic... with cholera... with leprosy... with boils... with eczema... with consumption... with epilepsy... with ringworm... with itch... with scabies... with scratches... with scabs... with blood disease... with bile disease... with diabetes... with hemorrhoids... with pustules... with fistulas... with afflictions arising from bile... with afflictions arising from phlegm... with afflictions arising from wind... with afflictions arising from the combination of humors... with afflictions born of change of climate... with afflictions born of careless behaviour... with afflictions due to exertion... with afflictions born as results of action... with cold... with heat... with hunger... with thirst... Being touched by, overcome by, confused by, possessed by the contact of flies, mosquitoes, wind, sun and reptiles, he does not sorrow, does not become weary, does not lament, does not beat his breast, does not fall into confusion. Thus too, and does not sorrow over what is not.

Or else, over what is not, what does not exist, what is not found - "Oh, that I do not have that, would that I had that, that I do not obtain", he does not sorrow, does not become weary, does not lament, does not beat his breast, does not fall into confusion. Thus too, and does not sorrow over what is not. And does not go among mind-objects means: does not take a wrong course through desire, does not take a wrong course through hatred, does not take a wrong course through delusion, does not take a wrong course through fear, does not go under the power of lust, does not go under the power of hatred, does not go under the power of delusion, does not go under the power of conceit, does not go under the power of views, does not go under the power of restlessness, does not go under the power of doubt, does not go under the power of underlying tendencies, is not moved, led, carried, conveyed by factional things - and does not go among mind-objects.

That one indeed is called peaceful means: He is said, is declared, is spoken, is uttered, is explained, is expressed as peaceful, at peace, fully peaceful, quenched, tranquillized - that one indeed is called peaceful.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

Exposition of the Discourse on Before the Break-up is the tenth.

11.

Exposition of the Discourse on Quarrels and Disputes

Then he will speak the exposition of the discourse on quarrels and disputes -

97.

From where do quarrels and disputes arise? Quarrel means quarrel in one aspect; dispute means just that. What is quarrel is dispute, what is dispute is quarrel. Or in another aspect, dispute is called the preliminary stage of quarrel. Kings dispute with kings, nobles dispute with nobles, brahmins dispute with brahmins, householders dispute with householders, mother disputes with son, son disputes with mother, father disputes with son, son disputes with father, brother disputes with brother, brother disputes with sister, sister disputes with brother, friend disputes with friend - this is dispute. What is quarrel? Householders devoted to using rods make quarrels by body and speech, renunciants committing offences make quarrels by body and speech - this is quarrel.

From where do quarrels and disputes arise? From where do quarrels and disputes arise, from where are they born, from where do they originate, from where do they come forth, from where do they spring forth, from where do they appear - what is their source, what is their origin, what is their birth, what is their production - thus one asks about the root of quarrels and disputes, asks about the cause, asks about the source, asks about the origination, asks about the production, asks about the arising, asks about the nutriment, asks about the basis, asks about the condition, asks about the origin, questions, requests, begs, implores - from where do quarrels and disputes arise.

And lamentations and sorrows together with selfishness. Lamentation means: when one is touched by disaster regarding relatives, or touched by disaster regarding wealth, or touched by disaster regarding health, or touched by disaster regarding virtue, or touched by disaster regarding views, or when one is touched by some kind of disaster or some kind of painful state, the crying, lamenting, crying out, lamenting out, state of crying, state of lamentation, talk, prattle, chatter, wailing, state of wailing, state of prattling. Sorrow means: when one is touched by disaster regarding relatives, or touched by disaster regarding wealth, health, virtue, or views, or when one is touched by some kind of disaster or some kind of painful state, the sorrow, sorrowing, sorrowfulness, inner sorrow, inner grief, inner burning, inner torment, mental affliction, displeasure, arrow of sorrow. Selfishness means the five kinds of selfishness - selfishness regarding dwellings, selfishness regarding families, selfishness regarding gains, selfishness regarding praise, selfishness regarding the Teaching. Whatever selfishness, being selfish, state of being selfish, stinginess, meanness, tight-fistedness, state of not giving up in the mind - this is called selfishness. Moreover, selfishness regarding aggregates is selfishness, selfishness regarding elements is selfishness, selfishness regarding sense bases is selfishness - this grasping. This is called selfishness - and lamentations and sorrows together with stinginess.

Conceit and arrogance together with slander. Conceit: here someone generates conceit by birth, or by clan, or by being a son of a good family, or by beauty of appearance, or by wealth, or by learning, or by sphere of work, or by sphere of craft, or by branch of knowledge, or by learning, or by ingenuity, or by some other ground. Arrogance: here someone despises another by birth, or by clan...etc... or by some other ground. Divisive speech: here someone engages in divisive speech - Having heard something here, he repeats it elsewhere to divide these people, or having heard something elsewhere, he repeats it here to divide those people. Thus he is one who divides those who are united, a promoter of those who are divided, rejoicing in conflict, delighting in conflict, taking delight in conflict, he is a speaker of words that create conflict - this is called divisive speech. Moreover, divisive speech is engaged in for two reasons - out of desire for endearment, or with the intention to cause division. How does one engage in slander out of desire for endearment? "I will be dear to him, I will be agreeable to him, I will be trusted, I will be intimate, I will be a close friend" - thus one engages in divisive speech out of desire for endearment. How does one engage in slander with the intention to cause division? "How might these be different, be separated, be divided, be split, be in two factions, be in two parties, be broken up, not come together, dwell painfully, not at ease" - thus one engages in divisive speech with the intention to cause division - conceit and arrogance together with divisive speech.

From where do they arise - pray tell me this. Quarrel and dispute and lamentation and sorrow and selfishness and conceit and arrogance and slander - from where do these eight defilements arise, from where are they born, from where do they originate, from where do they come forth, from where do they spring forth, from where do they appear, what is their source, what is their origin, what is their birth, what is their production? One asks about the root of these eight defilements, asks about the cause, asks about the source, asks about the origination, asks about the production, asks about the arising, asks about the nutriment, asks about the basis, asks about the condition, asks about the origin, questions, requests, begs, implores - from where do they arise - pray tell me this. Pray tell, explain, teach, proclaim, establish, disclose, analyse, make clear, reveal - from where do they arise - pray tell me this.

Thus said that created one:

98.

From the dear arise quarrels and disputes, and lamentations and sorrows together with selfishness. Dear means two kinds of dear - beings or formations. Which beings are dear? Here, for one who has those who wish one good, wish one welfare, wish one comfort, wish one security from bondage - mother or father or brother or sister or son or daughter or friends or colleagues or relatives or family members - these beings are dear. Which formations are dear? Agreeable forms, agreeable sounds, agreeable odours, agreeable tastes, agreeable tactile objects - these formations are dear.

They quarrel about a dear object when they suspect it will be taken, they quarrel when it is being taken, they quarrel when it has been taken. They quarrel about a dear object when they suspect it will change, they quarrel when it is changing, they quarrel when it has changed. They dispute about a dear object when they suspect it will be taken, they dispute when it is being taken, they dispute when it has been taken. They dispute about a dear object when they suspect it will change, they dispute when it is changing, they dispute when it has changed. They lament about a dear object when they suspect it will be taken, they lament when it is being taken, they lament when it has been taken. They lament about a dear object when they suspect it will change, they lament when it is changing, they lament when it has changed. They sorrow about a dear object when they suspect it will be taken, they sorrow when it is being taken, they sorrow when it has been taken. They sorrow about a dear object when they suspect it will change, they sorrow when it is changing, they sorrow when it has changed. They protect, guard, grasp, cherish and are selfish about a dear object.

Conceit and arrogance together with slander. Depending on a dear object they generate conceit, depending on a dear object they generate arrogance. How do they generate conceit depending on a dear object? 'We are gainers of agreeable forms, sounds, odours, tastes, and tactile objects.' Thus they generate conceit depending on a dear object. How do they generate arrogance depending on a dear object? 'We are gainers of agreeable forms, sounds, odours, tastes, and tactile objects, but these others are not gainers of agreeable forms, sounds, odours, tastes, and tactile objects.' Thus they generate arrogance depending on a dear object. Divisive speech: here someone engages in divisive speech, having heard something here, he repeats it elsewhere to divide these people...etc... thus one engages in divisive speech with the intention to cause division...etc... conceit and arrogance together with divisive speech.

Quarrels and disputes are joined with selfishness. Quarrel and dispute and lamentation and sorrow and conceit and arrogance and slander - these seven defilements are joined, connected, yoked, and associated with selfishness - quarrels and disputes are joined with selfishness.

And when disputes arise, there is slander. When a dispute is born, produced, brought forth, manifested, appeared, they engage in divisive speech; having heard something here, they tell it elsewhere to cause division between these people, or having heard something elsewhere, they tell it here to cause division between those people. Thus they are dividers of those who are united, promoters of those who are divided, rejoicing in conflict, delighting in conflict, taking delight in conflict, speakers of words that create conflict - this is called divisive speech. Moreover, divisive speech is engaged in for two reasons - out of desire for endearment, or with the intention to cause division. How does one engage in divisive speech out of desire for endearment? "We will be dear to this person, we will be agreeable, we will be trusted, we will be intimate, we will be close friends." Thus one engages in divisive speech out of desire for endearment. How does one engage in divisive speech with the intention to cause division? "How might these be different, be separated, be divided, be split, be in two factions, be in two parties, be broken up, not come together, dwell painfully, not at ease" - thus one engages in divisive speech with the intention to cause division - and when disputes arise, there is slander.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

99.

From where in the world do the dear originate? From where do the dear originate, from where are they born, from where do they originate, from where do they come forth, from where do they spring forth, from where do they appear, what is their source, what is their origin, what is their birth, what is their production - thus one asks about the root of the dear... asks about the origin, questions, requests, begs, implores - from where in the world do the dear originate.

And those who wander in the world because of greed. And those means nobles, brahmins, merchants, workers, householders, renunciants, deities and human beings. Greed: that which is greed, being greedy, state of greediness, infatuation, being infatuated, state of infatuation, covetousness, greed, root of the unwholesome. Wander: they move about, dwell, carry on, continue, maintain, sustain and keep going. World: the world of misery, the human world, the world of deities, the world of aggregates, the world of elements, the world of bases - and those who wander in the world because of greed.

And from where do hope and goal originate. From where do hope and goal originate, from where are they born, from where do they originate, from where do they come forth, from where do they spring forth, from where do they appear, what is their source, what is their origin, what is their birth, what is their production - thus one asks about the root of hope and goal... asks about the origin, questions, requests, begs, implores - from where do hope and goal originate. Which are for a person's future state. Which are a person's destination, are islands, are protections, are shelters, are refuges, are goals and destinations - which are for a person's future state.

Thus said that created one:

100.

The dear in the world originate from desire. Desire means: that which in sensual pleasures is sensual desire, lust for sensual pleasures, delight in sensual pleasures, craving for sensual pleasures, affection for sensual pleasures, passion for sensual pleasures, infatuation with sensual pleasures, clinging to sensual pleasures, flood of sensual pleasures, bondage of sensual pleasures, clinging to sensual pleasures, hindrance of sensual desire. However, there are five kinds of desire - desire for quest, desire for gain, desire for consumption, desire for storing up, desire for giving away. What is desire for quest? Here someone who is clamped and needy, with desire arisen, searches for forms, sounds... odours... tastes... tactile objects - this is desire for quest. What is desire for gain? Here someone who is clamped and needy, with desire arisen, gains forms, sounds... odours... tastes... tactile objects - this is desire for gain. What is desire for consumption? Here someone who is clamped and needy, with desire arisen, consumes forms, sounds... odours... tastes... tactile objects - this is desire for consumption. What is desire for storing up? Here someone who is clamped and needy, with desire arisen, accumulates wealth thinking "it will be for emergencies" - this is desire for storing up. What is desire for giving away? Here someone who is clamped and needy, with desire arisen, gives away wealth to elephant riders, horse riders, charioteers, archers, and infantry, thinking "these will protect me, guard me, and attend upon me" - this is desire for giving away. The dear: there are two dear things - beings or formations...etc... these beings are dear...etc... these formations are dear. The dear in the world originate from desire. The dear originate from desire, arise from desire, are born of desire, are produced from desire - the dear in the world originate from desire.

And those who wander in the world because of greed. And those means nobles, brahmins, merchants, workers, householders, renunciants, deities and human beings. Greed: that which is greed, being greedy, state of greediness, infatuation, being infatuated, state of infatuation, covetousness, greed, root of the unwholesome. Wander: they move about, dwell, carry on, continue, maintain, sustain and keep going. "In the world" means in the world of planes of misery... etc... in the world of sense bases means - and those who wander in the world because of greed.

Hope and goal originate from here. Hope means craving. That which is lust, infatuation... etc... covetousness, greed, root of the unwholesome. Goal: here someone searching for forms obtains forms, has forms as a goal, sounds... odours... tastes... tactile objects... in family... in group... in dwelling... in gain... in fame... in praise... in happiness... in robe... in almsfood... in lodging... medicinal requisites... discourse... discipline... higher teaching... factor of dwelling in the forest... factor of living on almsfood... factor of wearing rag-robes... factor of using only three robes... factor of collecting alms food house by house... factor of eating at one sitting... factor of sitting meditation... factor of sleeping wherever a seat is prepared... first meditative absorption... second meditative absorption... third meditative absorption... the fourth meditative absorption... attainment of the base of the infinity of space... attainment of the base of the infinity of consciousness... attainment of the base of nothingness... searching for the attainment of the base of neither-perception-nor-non-perception obtains the attainment of the base of neither-perception-nor-non-perception, has the attainment of the base of neither-perception-nor-non-perception as a goal.

Success is called the goal. Hope and goal originate from here. Hope and goal originate from here from desire, arise from desire, are born of desire, are produced from desire - hope and goal originate from here.

Which are for a person's future state. Which are a person's destination, are islands, are protections, are shelters, are refuges, are goals and destinations - which are for a person's future state.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

101.

From where in the world does desire originate. From where does desire originate, from where is it born, from where does it originate, from where does it come forth, from where does it spring forth, from where does it appear, what is its source, what is its origin, what is its birth, what is its production - thus one asks about the root of desire...etc... asks about the origin, questions, requests, begs, implores - From where in the world does desire originate.

And from where do judgements arise. From where do judgements arise, from where are they born, from where do they originate, from where do they come forth, from where do they spring forth, from where do they appear, what is their source, what is their origin, what is their birth, what is their production - thus one asks about the root of judgements... asks about the origin, questions, requests, begs, implores - and from where do judgements arise.

Anger and false speech and doubt. Anger is whatever resentment of mind, repulsion, aversion, opposition, irritation, anger, fury, hatred, hostility, intense hostility, corruption of mind, mental hostility, anger, being angry, state of being angry, hate, being hateful, state of being hateful, being repelled, state of being repelled, state of being hostile, opposition, resistance, ferocity, demonic state, displeasure of mind. False speech is called lying. Doubt is called uncertainty - anger and false speech and doubt.

And those things spoken of by the ascetic. And those means those that are associated with, born together with, mixed with, connected with anger and false speech and doubt, having one arising, one cessation, one basis, one object - these are called and those states. Or else those defilements of a different kind and different nature - these are called and those states. Spoken of by the ascetic means spoken of, declared, explained, taught, made known, established, revealed, analysed, made plain, proclaimed by the ascetic who has calmed evil, by the brahmin who has eliminated evil states, by the monk who has destroyed the root of defilements, who is freed from all bonds of unwholesome roots - and those things spoken of by the ascetic.

Thus said that created one:

102.

What they call pleasant and unpleasant in the world. Pleasant means pleasant feeling and agreeable object. Unpleasant means painful feeling and disagreeable object. What they call in the world means what they say, what they talk about, what they speak, what they explain, what they express - what they call pleasant and unpleasant in the world.

Dependent on that desire arises. Dependent on the pleasant and unpleasant, dependent on pleasure and pain, dependent on joy and displeasure, dependent on the desirable and undesirable, dependent on attraction and aversion, desire arises, is produced, is born, comes to be, comes forth, manifests - dependent on that desire arises.

Having seen both non-existence and existence in forms. In forms means: the four great elements and the form derived from the four great elements. What is the existence of forms? Whatever is the existence, birth, production, coming to be, manifestation, appearance of forms - this is the existence of forms. What is the non-existence of forms? Whatever is the destruction, decay, breaking up, disintegration, impermanence, disappearance of forms - this is the non-existence of forms. Having seen both non-existence and existence in forms means: having seen existence and non-existence in forms, having observed, having weighed, having judged, having understood, having made clear - having seen both non-existence and existence in forms.

A being makes judgements in the world. Decisions are of two kinds - the decision of craving and the decision of views. How does one make the decision of craving? Here for someone, wealth not yet arisen does not arise, and wealth already arisen goes to utter destruction. He thinks thus: "By what means is it that wealth not yet arisen does not arise for me, and wealth already arisen goes to utter destruction?" Then it occurs to him: "When I am engaged in the pursuit of drinking alcohol and intoxicants which are the basis for negligence, wealth not yet arisen does not arise for me, and wealth already arisen goes to utter destruction; When I am engaged in the pursuit of roaming the streets at improper times, wealth not yet arisen does not arise for me, and wealth already arisen goes to utter destruction; When I am engaged in frequenting festivals... When I am engaged in the pursuit of gambling which is the basis for negligence... When I am engaged in the pursuit of evil friends, wealth not yet arisen does not arise for me, and wealth already arisen goes to utter destruction; When I am engaged in the pursuit of laziness, wealth not yet arisen does not arise for me, and wealth already arisen goes to utter destruction" - having made this knowledge, he does not pursue the six ways of losing wealth, he pursues the six ways of gaining wealth. Thus he makes the decision of craving.

Or else he undertakes farming or trading or cattle-herding or archery or royal service or some other craft. Thus he makes the decision of craving. How does he make the decision of views? When the eye arises, he knows: "My self has arisen," when the eye disappears, he knows: "My self has disappeared, my self has gone." Thus he makes the decision of views. In the ear... in the nose... in the tongue... in the body... in form... in sound... in odour... in taste... when a tactile object arises, he knows: "My self has arisen," when a tactile object disappears, he knows: "My self has disappeared, my self has gone." Thus he makes, produces, brings forth, generates, creates the decision of views. Being means: a being, a man, a person...etc... a human. "In the world" means in the world of planes of misery...etc... in the world of sense bases means - a being makes judgements in the world.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

103.

Anger and false speech and doubt. Anger is whatever resentment of mind, repulsion... etc... False speech is called lying. Doubt is called uncertainty. Anger arises dependent on both desirable and undesirable objects. False speech arises dependent on both desirable and undesirable objects. Uncertainty arises dependent on both desirable and undesirable objects.

How does anger arise dependent on an undesirable object? Anger arises dependent on a naturally undesirable object. "They did me harm" - anger arises, "They are doing me harm" - anger arises, "They will do me harm" - anger arises; "They did harm to one who is dear and agreeable to me... They are doing harm... They will do harm" - anger arises; "They did good to one who is disliked and disagreeable to me... They are doing good... They will do good" - anger arises. This is how anger arises dependent on an undesirable object.

How does anger arise dependent on a desirable object? Anger arises in relation to a desirable object when one suspects it will be stolen, when it is being stolen, and when it has been stolen. Anger arises in relation to a desirable object when one suspects it will change, when it is changing, and when it has changed. This is how anger arises dependent on a desirable object.

How does false speech arise dependent on an undesirable object? Here someone is imprisoned with a foot chain; for the sake of release from that imprisonment he speaks deliberate falsehood... imprisoned with a rope... imprisoned with fetters... imprisoned with a cane... imprisoned with a creeper... imprisoned in an enclosure... imprisoned within a boundary... imprisoned in a village, town, city, or country... imprisoned in a province; for the sake of release from that imprisonment he speaks deliberate falsehood. This is how false speech arises dependent on an undesirable object.

How does false speech arise dependent on a desirable object? Here someone speaks deliberate falsehood because of agreeable forms... because of agreeable sounds... in odours... in tastes... because of tactile objects... because of robes... because of almsfood... because of lodging... speaks deliberate falsehood because of medicinal requisites. This is how false speech arises dependent on a desirable object.

How does doubt arise dependent on an undesirable object? 'Will I be freed from eye disease or will I not be freed from eye disease? Will I be freed from ear disease... nose disease... tongue disease... body disease... head disease... ear disease... mouth disease... Will I be freed from tooth disease or will I not be freed from tooth disease?' This is how doubt arises dependent on an undesirable object.

How does doubt arise dependent on a desirable object? 'Will I get agreeable forms or will I not get agreeable forms? Will I get agreeable sounds... odours... tastes... tactile objects... in family... in group... in dwelling... in gain... in fame... in praise... in happiness... in robe... in almsfood... in lodging... medicinal requisites?' This is how doubt arises dependent on a desirable object - anger and false speech and doubt.

These things too exist as a dyad. When there are the pleasant and unpleasant, when there are pleasure and pain, when there are joy and displeasure, when there are the desirable and undesirable, when there are attraction and aversion existing and found - these things too exist as a dyad.

Let one who doubts train in the path of knowledge. Knowledge is the path of knowledge, the object of knowledge is the path of knowledge, states associated with knowledge are the path of knowledge. Just as the noble path is the way of the noble ones, the path of deities is the way of deities, the path of brahmās is the way of brahmās; even so knowledge is the path of knowledge, the object of knowledge is the path of knowledge, states associated with knowledge are the path of knowledge.

Train means the three trainings - training in higher virtuous behaviour, training in higher mind, training in higher wisdom. What is training in higher virtuous behaviour? Here a monk is virtuous, dwells restrained by the restraint of the code of monastic rules, possessed of proper conduct and resort, seeing danger in the slightest faults, trains in the training rules he has undertaken, the small aggregate of virtuous behaviour... the great aggregate of virtuous behaviour... virtue as support, beginning, conduct, self-control, restraint, gateway, foremost for the attainment of wholesome states - this is the training in higher virtuous behaviour. What is the training in higher mind? Here a monk, quite secluded from sensual pleasures... etc... enters and dwells in the fourth meditative absorption - this is the training in higher mind. What is the training in higher wisdom? Here a monk is wise, endowed with the wisdom that sees the rise and fall of phenomena, which is noble and penetrative, leading to the complete destruction of suffering. He understands as it really is "This is suffering"... etc... he understands as it really is "This is the way leading to the cessation of suffering", he understands as they really are "These are the taints"... etc... he understands as it really is "This is the way leading to the cessation of the taints" - this is the training in higher wisdom.

Let one who doubts train in the path of knowledge. A doubting individual who has perplexity, who has uncertainty, who has wavering, who has doubt, for the achievement of knowledge, for the touching of knowledge, for the realization of knowledge, should train in higher virtuous behaviour, higher mind, and higher wisdom; One should train while reflecting on these three trainings, train while knowing, train while seeing, train while reviewing, train while resolving the mind, train while being intent through faith, train while rousing energy, train while establishing mindfulness, train while concentrating the mind, train while understanding with wisdom, train while directly knowing what should be directly known, train while fully understanding what should be fully understood, train while abandoning what should be abandoned, train while developing what should be developed, train while realising what should be realised - one should practise, conduct oneself, and proceed having undertaken them - Let one who doubts train in the path of knowledge.

Having known the things spoken of by the ascetic. Having known means: having known, having understood, having weighed, having judged, having understood, having made clear, spoken of, declared, explained, taught, made known, established, revealed, analysed, made plain, proclaimed. "All formations are impermanent" having known, having understood, having weighed, having judged, having understood, having made clear, spoken of, declared, explained, taught, made known, established, revealed, analysed, made plain, proclaimed, "All formations are suffering"... "All phenomena are non-self"... "With ignorance as condition, formations arise"...etc... "With birth as condition, aging-and-death"... "With the cessation of ignorance there is cessation of formations"...etc... "With the cessation of birth there is cessation of aging-and-death"... "This is suffering"...etc... "This is the way leading to the cessation of suffering"... "These are the taints"...etc... "This is the way leading to the cessation of the taints"... "These things should be directly known"... "These things should be fully understood"... "These things should be abandoned"... "These things should be developed"... "These things should be realized"... the origin, disappearance, gratification, danger, and escape regarding the six bases of contact... of the five aggregates of clinging... of the four great elements... "Whatever has the nature to arise, all that has the nature to cease" having known, having understood, having weighed, having judged, having understood, having made clear, spoken of, declared, explained, taught, made known, established, revealed, analysed, made plain, proclaimed.

For this was said by the Blessed One - "Monks, I teach the Teaching through direct knowledge, not without direct knowledge. "Monks, I teach the Teaching with a cause, not without a cause. Monks, I teach the Teaching with an antidote, not without an antidote. Then, monks, as I teach the Teaching through direct knowledge, not without direct knowledge, teach the Teaching with a cause, not without a cause, teach the Teaching with an antidote, not without an antidote, there is need for exhortation, there is need for instruction. And it is enough, monks, for your contentment, enough for your gladness, enough for your joy - the Blessed One is fully enlightened, the Teaching is well-proclaimed, the Community is practising well. And while this explanation was being spoken, the ten-thousand world-system trembled." Having known the things spoken of by the ascetic.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

104.

From where do pleasure and pain originate, from where are they born, from where do they originate, from where do they come forth, from where do they spring forth, from where do they appear, what is their source, what is their origin, what is their birth, what is their production - thus one asks about the root of pleasure and pain... asks about the origin, questions, requests, begs, implores - asks about the origin, questions, requests, begs, implores - When what does not exist are these not found.

When what does not exist are these not found. When what is not present, not found, not existing, not obtained, do pleasure and pain not exist, not originate, not come to be, not arise, not come forth, not manifest - when what does not exist are these not found.

This meaning which is existence and non-existence. What is the existence of pleasure and pain? Whatever is the existence, origination, birth, production, coming forth, manifestation, appearance of pleasure and pain - this is the existence of pleasure and pain. What is the extermination of pleasure and pain? Whatever is the destruction, decay, breaking up, disintegration, impermanence, disappearance of pleasure and pain - this is the extermination of pleasure and pain. 'What is meant' means: what is the ultimate meaning - this meaning which is existence and non-existence.

Tell me from where this originates. That: what I ask, what I request, what I beg, what I seek confidence in. Tell means: tell, say, explain, teach, proclaim, establish, disclose, analyse, make clear, reveal - tell me this. From where means: what is the source, what is the origin, what is the birth, what is the production - tell me from where this originates.

Thus said that created one:

105.

Pleasant and unpleasant have contact as their source. Dependent on contact to be felt as pleasant, pleasant feeling arises. With the cessation of that contact to be felt as pleasant, the corresponding pleasant feeling that arose dependent on that contact to be felt as pleasant ceases and subsides. Dependent on contact to be felt as painful, painful feeling arises. With the cessation of that contact to be felt as painful, the corresponding painful feeling that arose dependent on that contact to be felt as painful ceases and subsides. Dependent on contact to be felt as neither-painful-nor-pleasant, neither-painful-nor-pleasant feeling arises. With the cessation of that contact to be felt as neither-painful-nor-pleasant, the corresponding neither-painful-nor-pleasant feeling that arose dependent on that contact to be felt as neither-painful-nor-pleasant ceases and subsides. Pleasant and unpleasant have contact as their source. Pleasant and unpleasant have contact as their source, contact as their origin, contact as their birth, contact as their production. Pleasant and unpleasant have contact as their source.

When there is no contact these are not found. When contact is not present, not found, not existing, not obtained, pleasure and pain do not exist, do not originate, do not come to be, do not arise, do not come forth, do not manifest - when there is no contact these are not found.

This meaning which is existence and non-existence. The view of existence has contact as its source, the view of non-existence has contact as its source. 'What is meant' means: what is the ultimate meaning - this meaning which is existence and non-existence.

I tell you this originates from here. This means what you ask, what you request, what you implore, what you have confidence in. I tell means I speak, explain, teach, declare, establish, reveal, analyse, clarify, make manifest - I tell you this. This originates from here means from here it has contact as source, contact as origin, contact as birth, contact as production - I tell you this originates from here.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

106.

From where in the world does contact originate. From where does contact originate, from where is it born, from where does it originate, from where does it come forth, from where does it spring forth, from where does it appear, what is its source, what is its origin, what is its birth, what is its production - thus one asks about the root of contact, asks about the cause...etc... asks about the origin, questions, requests, begs, implores - from where in the world does contact originate.

And from where do possessions arise means: from where do possessions arise, from where are they born, from where do they originate, from where do they come forth, from where do they spring forth, from where do they appear, what is their source, what is their origin, what is their birth, what is their production - thus one asks about the root of possessions, asks about the cause...etc... asks about the origin, questions, requests, begs, implores - and from where do possessions arise.

When what does not exist is there no mine-making. When what is not present, not found, not existing, not obtained, mine-makings do not exist, are not found, are not seen, are not obtained, are abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge - when what does not exist is there no mine-making.

When what has vanished do contacts not touch. When what has vanished, been developed, gone beyond, transcended, passed over, do contacts not touch - when what has vanished do contacts not touch.

Thus said that created one:

107.

Dependent on name and form is contact. Dependent on the eye and forms, eye-consciousness arises; the meeting of the three is contact. The eye and forms are in form, and the associated states excluding eye-contact are in name. Thus too dependent on name and form is contact. Dependent on the ear and sounds, ear-consciousness arises; the meeting of the three is contact. The ear and sounds are in form, and the associated states excluding ear-contact are in name. Thus too dependent on name and form is contact. Dependent on the nose and odours, nose-consciousness arises; the meeting of the three is contact. The nose and odours are in form, and the associated states excluding nose-contact are in name. Thus too dependent on name and form is contact. Dependent on the tongue and tastes, tongue-consciousness arises; the meeting of the three is contact. The tongue and tastes are in form, and the associated states excluding tongue-contact are in name. Thus too dependent on name and form is contact. Dependent on the body and tactile objects, body-consciousness arises; the meeting of the three is contact. The body and tactile objects are in form, and the associated states excluding body-contact are in name. Thus too dependent on name and form is contact. Dependent on the mind and mind-objects, mind-consciousness arises; the meeting of the three is contact. The physical base is in form, material mind-objects are in form, and the associated states excluding mind-contact are in name. Thus too dependent on name and form is contact.

Possessions have wish as their source. Wish means craving. That which is lust, infatuation... etc... covetousness, greed, root of the unwholesome. Possessions are twofold - possession by craving and possession by view... etc... this is possession by craving... etc... this is possession by view. Possessions have wish as their source. Possessions originate from wish, are caused by wish, are conditioned by wish, are for the reason of wish, are produced by wish - possessions have wish as their source.

When desire is stilled there is no mine-making. Wish means craving. That which is lust, infatuation... etc... covetousness, greed, root of the unwholesome. There are two kinds of possessiveness - possessiveness of craving and possessiveness of views...etc... this is possessiveness of craving...etc... this is possessiveness of views. When desire is stilled there is no mine-making. When desire is not present, not found, not existing, not obtained, mine-makings do not exist, are not found, are not seen, are not obtained, are abandoned, cut off, calmed, tranquillized, made incapable of arising, burnt by the fire of knowledge - when desire is stilled there is no mine-making.

When form has vanished contacts do not touch. Form means: the four great elements and the form derived from the four great elements. Form becomes clear in four aspects - through clarity of knowledge, through clarity of scrutiny, through clarity of abandoning, through clarity of transcendence. How does form become clear through clarity of knowledge? One knows form - One knows and sees: "whatever form there is, all form is the four great elements and the form derived from the four great elements." Thus form becomes clear through clarity of knowledge.

How does form become clear through clarity of scrutiny? Having known thus, one scrutinizes form as impermanent, as suffering, as a disease, as a tumour, as a dart, as misery, as an affliction, as alien, as disintegrating, as a calamity, as a disaster, as a peril, as a trouble, as shaky, as breaking up, as unstable, as no protection, as no shelter, as no refuge, as void, as hollow, as empty, as non-self, as a danger, as subject to change, as without substance, as a root of misery, as murderous, as due to be exterminated, as tainted, as conditioned, as Māra's bait, as subject to birth, as subject to aging, as subject to illness, as subject to death, as subject to sorrow, lamentation, pain, displeasure and despair, as subject to defilement, as having an origin, as subject to disappearance, as gratification, as danger, as escape. Thus form becomes clear through clarity of scrutiny.

How does form become clear through clarity of abandoning? Having considered thus, he abandons, dispels, terminates and obliterates desire and lust for form. For this was said by the Blessed One - "Monks, abandon whatever desire and lust there is for form. Thus that form will be abandoned, cut off at the root, made like a palm stump, obliterated so that it is no longer subject to future arising." Thus form becomes clear through clarity of abandoning.

How does form become clear through clarity of transcendence? For one who has gained the four formless attainments, forms have become clear, developed, overcome, transcended, gone beyond. Thus form becomes clear through clarity of transcendence. Form becomes clear through these four reasons.

When form has vanished contacts do not touch. When form has vanished, been developed, gone beyond, transcended, passed over, five contacts do not touch - eye-contact, ear-contact, nose-contact, tongue-contact, body-contact - when form has vanished contacts do not touch.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

108.

How does form vanish for one who is at peace? 'For one who is at peace': how does form vanish, disappear, get overcome, get transcended, get surmounted for one who is at peace, for one who is practising, for one who is conducting himself, for one who is carrying on, for one who is maintaining, for one who is continuing, for one who is keeping going - how does form vanish for one who is at peace.

'How do pleasure and pain vanish': how do pleasure and pain vanish, disappear, get overcome, get transcended, get surmounted - how do pleasure and pain vanish.

Tell me how it vanishes. That: what I ask, what I request, what I beg, what I seek confidence in - that. Tell me means: tell me, explain, teach, proclaim, establish, disclose, analyse, make clear, reveal - tell me this. How it vanishes means: how it vanishes, disappears, gets overcome, gets transcended, gets surmounted - tell me how it vanishes.

For my mind wishes to know this. 'Let me know this': let me know, understand, cognize, comprehend, penetrate this - let me know this. 'For my mind wishes': thus was my mind, thus was my consciousness, thus was my intention, thus was my consciousness - let me know this, for my mind wishes.

Thus said that created one:

109.

"Neither one with normal perception nor one with distorted perception": Those established in normal perception are called ones with normal perception, but he is not established in normal perception. Those who are mad and those who are mentally deranged are called ones with distorted perception, but he is neither mad nor mentally deranged - neither one with normal perception nor one with distorted perception.

"Nor yet without perception nor with vanished perception": Those who have attained cessation and the beings of non-perception are called without perception, but he is neither one who has attained cessation nor a being of non-perception. Those who have gained the four formless attainments are called those with vanished perception, but he is not one who has gained the four formless attainments - nor yet without perception nor with vanished perception.

For one who is at peace thus form vanishes. Here a monk, with the abandoning of pleasure... etc... enters and dwells in the fourth meditative absorption. When his mind is thus concentrated, purified, bright, unblemished, rid of corruptions, pliant, workable, steady, and attained to imperturbability, he directs and inclines his mind to the attainment of the base of the infinity of space, being one who possesses the formless path. For one who is at peace thus, for one who is practising thus, for one who is conducting himself thus, for one who is carrying on thus, for one who is maintaining thus, for one who is continuing thus, for one who is keeping going thus, form vanishes, disappears, gets overcome, gets transcended, gets surmounted - for one who is at peace thus form vanishes.

For proliferations and reckonings originate from perception. The proliferations and reckonings are just proliferations - proliferations and reckonings of craving, proliferations and reckonings of views, proliferations and reckonings of conceit - originating from perception, arising from perception, born of perception, produced from perception - for proliferations and reckonings originate from perception.

Thus spoke the Blessed One -

110.

"What we asked you have explained to us" means: What we asked, begged, requested, invited. "Have explained to us" means: told, declared, explained, taught, made known, established, revealed, analysed, clarified, proclaimed - What we asked you have explained to us.

Now we ask you something else, please tell us. We ask you something else, we beg something else, we request something else, we invite something else, we ask you further. "Please tell us" means: pray tell, explain, teach, proclaim, establish, disclose, analyse, make clear, reveal - Now we ask you something else, please tell us.

Do some wise ones here declare this much to be the highest purity of a spirit, Some ascetics and brahmins speak, tell, say, explain, express these formless attainments as foremost, best, distinguished, supreme, highest, and superior. Of a spirit means: of a being, of a person, of a human, of an individual, of one with a soul, of a mortal, of one born, of one with a self, of a man. Purity means: purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation. Wise ones here means: here speakers of wisdom, speakers of firmness, speakers of method, speakers of cause, speakers of characteristic, speakers of reason, speakers of possibility, according to their own belief - Do some wise ones here declare this much to be the highest purity of a spirit.

Or do they speak of something else beyond this. Or do some ascetics and brahmins speak, tell, say, explain, express another higher purification, complete purification, perfect purification, freedom, liberation, complete liberation of a spirit beyond this, having overcome, completely overcome, and transcended these formless attainments - Or do they speak of something else beyond this.

Thus said that created one: